Efficient convolutional engine

ABSTRACT

A hardware architecture for implementing a convolutional neural network.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a NONPROVISIONAL of, claims priority to, and incorporates byreference U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/642,578, filed 13 Mar.2018, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/694,290, filed 5 Jul.2018.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a hardware architecture for aconvolutional engine, and more particularly relates to an efficient wayto provide data values to compute units (called convolver units orfunctional units) of the convolutional engine.

BACKGROUND

Today, neural networks (in particular convolution neural networks) arewidely used for performing image recognition/classification, objectrecognition/classification and image segmentation. While having numerousapplications (e.g., object identification for self-driving cars, facialrecognition for social networks, etc.), neural networks requireintensive computational processing and frequent memory accesses.Described herein is an efficient hardware architecture for implementinga convolutional neural network.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a diagram providing an overview of model training andmodel application in a neural network.

FIG. 2 depicts a diagram of the input, model parameters and output of aconvolution operation, the model parameters including a single2-dimensional filter.

FIG. 3 depicts a diagram that explains the computation of a convolutionoperation using a 2-dimensional filter.

FIG. 4 depicts a diagram of the input, model parameters and output of aconvolution operation, the model parameters including a plurality of2-dimensional filters.

FIG. 5 depicts a diagram of the input, model parameters and output of aconvolution operation, the model parameters including a single3-dimensional filter.

FIG. 6 depicts a diagram that explains the computation of a convolutionoperation using a 3-dimensional filter.

FIG. 7 depicts a diagram of the input, model parameters and output of aconvolution operation, the model parameters including a plurality of3-dimensional filters.

FIG. 8 depicts a convolutional engine including a 2-D shift register andan array of convolver units, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention.

FIGS. 9A-9B depict the loading of data values into the convolutionalengine, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 9C-9D depict the loading of filter weights into the convolutionalengine, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 10A-10B depict the loading of a zero padding row into the 2-Dshift register, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 10B-10D depict the loading of data values into the 2-D shiftregister, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 11A and 11B describe the processing of two convolver units for thespatial orientation of the data values depicted in FIG. 10D, inaccordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 11C depicts the resulting partial sums following the processing ofall active convolver units for the spatial orientation of the datavalues depicted in FIG. 10D, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 12 depicts the data values after they have been shifted down onerow of the 2-D shift register, as compared to the spatial orientation ofthe data values depicted in FIG. 10D.

FIGS. 13A-13D describe the processing of four convolver units for thespatial orientation of the data values depicted in FIG. 12, inaccordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 13E depicts the resulting partial sums following the processing ofall active convolver units for the spatial orientation of the datavalues depicted in FIG. 12, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention.

FIGS. 14A-14B depict the loading of data values into the convolutionalengine, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 14C-14D depict the loading of filter weights into theconvolutional engine, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention.

FIGS. 15A-15B depict the loading of a zero padding row into the 2-Dshift register, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 15B-15D depict the loading of data values into the 2-D shiftregister, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 16A-16B describe the processing of two convolver units for thespatial orientation of the data values depicted in FIG. 15D, inaccordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 16C depicts the resulting partial sums following the processing ofall active convolver units for the spatial orientation of the datavalues depicted in FIG. 15D, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 17 depicts the data values after they have been shifted down onerow of the 2-D shift register as compared to the spatial orientation ofthe data values depicted in FIG. 15D.

FIGS. 18A-18B describe the processing of two convolver units for thespatial orientation of the data values depicted in FIG. 17, inaccordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 18C depicts the resulting partial sums following the processing ofall active convolver units for the spatial orientation of the datavalues depicted in FIG. 17, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention.

FIGS. 19A-19B depict the loading of bias values into the convolutionalengine, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 20 depicts the output of each of the convolver units, after thepartial sums have been biased with bias values, in accordance with oneembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 21 depicts internal components of a convolver unit, in accordancewith one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 22 depicts control circuitry for controlling the stride of aconvolution operation, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 23 depicts a generalized convolutional engine including a 2-D shiftregister and an array of functional units, in accordance with oneembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 24 depicts internal components of a functional unit, in accordancewith one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 25 depicts three scenarios of data values being loaded from aninput channel into a convolutional engine having m columns of convolverunits, with scenario (a) illustrating the input channel having m columnsof data values, scenario (b) illustrating the input channel having 3m−4columns of data values, and scenario (c) illustrating the input channelhaving m/2 columns of data values, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe invention.

FIGS. 26A-26B depict the loading of data values into the convolutionalengine for scenario (a), in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention.

FIGS. 27A-27C depict the loading of data values into the convolutionalengine for scenario (b), in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 28 depicts the loading of data values into the convolutional enginefor scenario (c), in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 29A-29B depict an alternate scheme for loading data values intothe convolutional engine for scenario (c), in accordance with oneembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 30 depicts a convolutional engine as one component of a largersystem, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 31 depicts a block diagram of a component for decompressing filterweights before the weights are provided to the convolver units, inaccordance with one embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments,reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof,and in which are shown by way of illustration specific embodiments inwhich the invention may be practiced. It is understood that otherembodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made withoutdeparting from the scope of the present invention. Descriptionassociated with any one of the figures may be applied to a differentfigure containing like or similar components/steps.

FIG. 1 depicts a diagram providing an overview of the training phase andthe inference phase in a neural network. In the training phase, pairs ofinput and known (or desired) output may be provided to train modelparameters (also called “weights”) of classification model 104. Forconciseness, only one input and output pair (102, 106) is depicted inFIG. 1, but in practice many known input and output pairs will be usedto train classification model 104. In the example of FIG. 1, input 102is a matrix of numbers (which may represent the pixels of an image) andknown output 106 is a vector of classification probabilities (e.g., theprobability that the input image is a cat is 1, the probability that theinput image is a dog is 0, and the probability that the input image is ahuman is 0). In one possible training process, the classificationprobabilities may be provided by a human (e.g., a human can recognizethat the input image depicts a cat and assign the classificationprobabilities accordingly). At the conclusion of the model trainingprocess, the model parameters will have been estimated (e.g., W1=1.2,W2=3.8, W3=2.7). Sometimes, there may be intuitive ways to interpret themodel parameters, but many times no intuition may be associatedtherewith, and the model parameters may simply be the parameters thatminimize the error between the model's classification (or the model'sclassification probabilities) of a given set of input with the knownclassification (or known classification probabilities), while at thesame time avoiding “model overfitting”.

In the inference (or prediction or feed-forward) phase, classificationmodel 104 with trained parameters (i.e., parameters trained during thetraining phase) is used to classify a set of input. In the instantapplication, the trained classification model 104 provides theclassification output 110 of a vector of probabilities (e.g., theprobability that the input image is a cat is 0.3, the probability thatthe input image is a dog is 0.6, and the probability that the inputimage is a human is 0.1) in response to input 108.

One embodiment of classification model 104 is a convolutional neuralnetwork. A basic building block of a convolutional neural network is aconvolution operation, which is described in FIGS. 2-7. As furtherdescribed below, a convolution operation may refer to a 2-dimensionalconvolution operation with 2-dimensional input and a 2-dimensionalfilter, a 3-dimensional convolution operation with 3-dimensional inputand a 3-dimensional filter, etc.

FIG. 2 depicts a diagram of the input, model parameters and output of a2-dimensional convolution operation. In the example of FIG. 2, the inputincludes a 2-dimensional matrix of numerical values (each of thenumerical values abstractly represented by “•”). The matrix in theexample of FIG. 2 is a 4×4 matrix, but other input could have differentdimensions (e.g., could be a 100×100 square matrix, a 20×70 rectangularmatrix, etc.). Later presented examples will illustrate that the inputmay even be a 3-dimensional object. In fact, the input may be an objectof any number of dimensions. The input may represent pixel values of animage or may represent the output of a previous convolution operation.

The model parameters may include a filter and a bias. In the example ofFIG. 2, the filter is a 3×3 matrix of values (the values also called“weights”) and the bias is a scalar value. Typically, there is one biasassociated with each filter. The example in FIG. 2 includes one filter,so there is one corresponding bias. However, in certain embodiments, ifthere were 5 filters, there would be 5 associated biases, one for eachof the filters.

The convolution operator 208 (abbreviated “conv”) receives input 202 andthe model parameters 204, 206, and generates output 210 called anactivation map or a feature map. Each value of the activation map isgenerated as the sum of a dot product between of input 202 and filter204 (at a certain spatial location relative to input 202) and bias 206.The computations to arrive at activation map 210 are described in moredetail below in FIG. 3.

The first row of FIG. 3 describes the computation of the element atposition (x=1, y=1) of activation map 210. As shown in the first row,the center of filter 204 is spatially aligned with the element atposition (1, 1) of input 202. Such computation assumes the use of “zeropadding” in which the input 202 is implicitly surrounded by a border ofzeros. The advantage of using zero padding is that the dimensions ofinput 202 and output activation map 210 remain constant when using a 3×3filter. A dot product is computed between filter 204 and the four valuesof input 202 that spatially align with filter 204. The dot product isthen summed with bias b to arrive at the element at position (1, 1) ofactivation map 210.

The second row of FIG. 3 describes the computation of the element atposition (1, 2) of activation map 210. As shown in the second row, thecenter of filter 204 is spatially aligned with the element at position(1, 2) of input 202. A dot product is computed between filter 204 andthe six values of input 202 that spatially align with filter 204. Thedot product is then summed with bias b to arrive at the element atposition (1, 2) of activation map 210.

The third row of FIG. 3 describes the computation of the element atposition (1, 3) of activation map 210. As shown in the third row, thecenter of filter 204 is spatially aligned with the element at position(1, 3) of input 202. A dot product is computed between filter 204 andthe six values of input 202 that spatially align with filter 204. Thedot product is then summed with bias b to arrive at the element atposition (1, 3) of activation map 210.

The fourth row of FIG. 3 describes the computation of the element atposition (4, 4) of activation map 210. As shown in the fourth row, thecenter of filter 204 is spatially aligned with the element at position(4, 4) of input 202. A dot product is computed between filter 204 andthese four values of input 202 that spatially align with filter 204. Thedot product is then summed with bias b to arrive at the element atposition (4, 4) of activation map 210. In general, the convolutionoperation comprises a plurality of shift (or align), dot product andbias (or sum) steps. In the present example, the filter was shifted by 1spatial position between dot product computations (called the step sizeor stride), but other step sizes of 2, 3, etc. are possible.

FIG. 4 is similar to FIG. 2, except that there are F filters 404, Fbiases 406 and F activation maps 410 instead of a single filter 204, asingle bias 206 and a single activation map 210. The relation betweenthe F filters 404, F biases 406 and F activation maps 410 is as follows:Filter f₁, bias b₁ and input 402 are used to compute activation map y₁(in very much the same way that filter 204, bias 206 and input 202 wereused to compute activation map 210 in FIG. 2); filter f₂, bias b₂ andinput 402 are used to compute activation map y₂; and so on.

FIG. 5 is similar to FIG. 2, except that instead of a 2-dimensionalinput 202 and a 2-dimensional filter 204, a 3-dimensional input 502 anda 3-dimensional filter 504 are used. The computations to arrive atactivation map 510 are described in more detail below in FIG. 6. Whileinput 502 and filter 504 are 3-dimensional, activation map 510 is2-dimensional, as will become clearer in the associated description ofFIG. 6. Each “slice” of filter 504 (analogous to a “channel” of input502) may be called a kernel. In FIG. 5, filter 504 is composed of fivekernels, and input 502 is composed of five channels. If not alreadyapparent, the number of kernels of filter 504 (or the size of the “z”dimension of filter 504) must match the number of channels of input 502(or the size of the “z” dimension of input 502). During a convolutionoperation, channel 1 of input 502 aligns with kernel 1 of filter 504;channel 2 of input 502 aligns with kernel 2 of filter 504; and so on.Typically, there is no translation of filter 504 with respect to input502 in the z-dimension during a convolution operation.

The first row of FIG. 6 describes the computation of the element atposition (x=1, y=1) of activation map 510. As shown in the first row,the central axis 506 of filter 504 (with central axis drawn parallel tothe z-axis) is aligned with the elements at positions (1, 1, z) forzϵ{1, . . . , 5} of input 502. A dot product is computed between filter504 and the twenty values of input 502 that spatially align with filter504 (4 aligned values per channel×5 channels). The dot product is thensummed with bias b to arrive at the element at position (1, 1) ofactivation map 510.

The second row of FIG. 6 describes the computation of the element atposition (1, 2) of activation map 510. As shown in second first row, thecentral axis 506 of filter 504 is aligned with the elements at positions(1, 2, z) for zϵ{1, . . . , 5} of input 502. A dot product is computedbetween filter 504 and the thirty values of input 502 that spatiallyalign with filter 504 (6 aligned values per channel×5 channels). The dotproduct is then summed with bias b to arrive at the element at position(1, 2) of activation map 510.

The third row of FIG. 6 describes the computation of the element atposition (1, 3) of activation map 510. As shown in the third row, thecentral axis 506 of filter 504 is aligned with the elements at positions(1, 3, z) for zϵ{1, . . . , 5} of input 502. A dot product is computedbetween filter 504 and the thirty values of input 502 that spatiallyalign with filter 504 (6 aligned values per channel×5 channels). The dotproduct is then summed with bias b to arrive at the element at position(1, 3) of activation map 510.

The fourth row of FIG. 6 describes the computation of the element atposition (4, 4) of activation map 510. As shown in the fourth row, thecentral axis 506 of filter 504 is aligned with the elements at positions(4, 4, z) for zϵ{1, . . . , 5} of input 502. A dot product is computedbetween filter 504 and the twenty values of input 502 that spatiallyalign with filter 504 (4 aligned values per channel×5 channels). The dotproduct is then summed with bias b to arrive at the element at position(4, 4) of activation map 510.

FIG. 7 is similar to FIG. 5, except that there are F 3-dimensionalfilters 704, F biases 706 and F activation maps 710 (F>1), instead of asingle 3-dimensional filter 504, a single bias b (505) and a singleactivation map 510. The relation between the F 3-dimensional filters704, F biases 706 and F activation maps 710 is as follows: Filter f₁,bias b₁ and input 702 are used to compute activation map y₁ (in verymuch the same way that filter 504, bias b (505) and input 502 were usedto compute activation map 510 in FIG. 5); filter f₂, bias b₂ and input702 are used to compute activation map y₂; and so on.

The following figures describe a hardware architecture to perform theconvolution operation of FIG. 7. Many of the examples assume the use oftwo filters, F=2, for simplicity. The examples further assume that thefilters 704 are constructed using 3×3 kernels (i.e., each kernel beingcomposed of 9 weights). It is understood, however, that theconcepts/architectures described herein can be modified to accommodatekernels with other dimensions.

FIG. 8 depicts convolutional engine 708, in accordance with oneembodiment of the invention. Convolutional engine 708 (depicted in FIG.8) is a hardware architecture of the convolution operator (“conv”) 708(depicted in FIG. 7). Convolutional engine 708 may include a 2-D shiftregister with an array of data storage elements:

$\quad\begin{bmatrix}d_{1,1} & d_{1,2} & d_{1,3} & d_{1,4} \\d_{2,1} & d_{2,2} & d_{2,3} & d_{2,4} \\d_{3,1} & d_{3,2} & d_{3,3} & d_{3,4} \\d_{4,1} & d_{4,2} & d_{4,3} & d_{4,4}\end{bmatrix}$

In the simplified example of FIG. 8, the array is a four by four array.Each of the data storage elements may be formed by a plurality of Dflip-flops (i.e., one D flip-flop to store each bit of a data signal).Therefore, if data storage element d_(1,1) were to store eight bits,d_(1,1) may be formed from eight D flip-flops. Each of the arrowsbetween pairs of data storage elements represents an electricalconnection (i.e., may be implemented as a wire). For example, datastorage element d_(1,1) (ref. num. 802) may be electrically coupled tostorage element d_(2,1) (ref. num. 802) via electrical connection 804.Further, the arrow may represent a one-directional flow of data (i.e.,data being transmitted from data storage element d_(1,1) to data storageelement d_(2,1), but not from d_(2,1) to data storage element d_(1,1)).In the discussion that follows, the first row of data storage elementsmay be called a “header”, and the last row of data storage elements maybe called a “footer”.

Convolutional engine 708 may further include an array of convolverunits:

$\quad\begin{bmatrix}{CU}_{1,1} & {CU}_{1,2} & {CU}_{1,3} & {CU}_{1,4} \\{CU}_{2,1} & {CU}_{2,2} & {CU}_{2,3} & {CU}_{2,4}\end{bmatrix}$

For conciseness, an array of convolver units may be called “a convolverarray”. In the simplified example of FIG. 8, the convolver array is atwo by four array. Convolver unit CU_(1,2) has been labeled withreference numeral 806 (to facilitate later discussion). It is understoodthat a more typical embodiment will contain many more convolver units,such as in the example embodiment of FIG. 30. The operation of the 2-Dshift register and the operation of the convolver units will bedescribed in detail in the following figures.

FIG. 9A depicts the loading of data values into convolutional engine708, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. Each channel ofinput may be loaded into convolutional engine 708 in a serial fashion.FIG. 9A depicts the loading of the first channel 702 a of input 702 intoconvolutional engine 708 (assuming that the channels are numbered from 1to 5 in the left to right direction). As will be described in FIGS.10B-10D, the rows of a particular channel may be loaded intoconvolutional engine 708 in a serial fashion. It is noted that termssuch as a “row” and a “column” will be/are being used for convenienceand with respect to how elements are depicted in the figures.Nevertheless, the meaning of such terms may or may not translate intohow circuit elements are laid out on a chip, where a row could beinterpreted as a column and vice versa, depending on the viewer'sorientation with respect to the chip.

For simplicity, this first example describing the hardware architectureof a convolutional engine will handle the case in which the number ofcolumns of an input channel is equal to the number of columns of theconvolver array. In FIG. 9B, the number of columns of input channel 702a is assumed to equal the number of columns of the convolver array. Forinstance, input channel 702 a may be a ten by four matrix of datavalues. FIGS. 27A-27C describe how to handle the scenario in which thenumber of columns of an input channel is greater than the number ofcolumns of the convolver array. FIGS. 28, 29A and 29B describe twoschemes for handling the case in which the number of columns of an inputchannel is less than the number of columns of the convolver array.

Typically, due to memory constraints of each convolver unit,convolutional engine 708 can only compute the convolution operation fora certain number of contiguous rows of the data values before the outputneeds to be saved (copied to a memory location separate from theconvolver units—see memory 3002 in FIG. 30). Once the output is saved,the convolutional engine 708 can continue onto the next set ofcontiguous rows. In particular, if each convolver unit is constructedwith n accumulators, convolution engine 708 can compute the output of ncontiguous input rows (plus two padding rows explained below). Forsimplicity of explanation, n contiguous input rows will be called a“horizontal stripe” of data. In the simplified example of FIG. 9B, thereare two horizontal stripes 902 a, 902 b (while it is understood that inpractice there could be any number of horizontal stripes). Due to thememory constraint of the convolver units, the convolutional engine 708may process the horizontal stripes serially. In the example of FIG. 9B,horizontal stripe 902 a is processed first, followed by horizontalstripe 902 b.

For reasons that will be more apparent below, the loading of a leadingrow (i.e., first row of a horizontal stripe to be loaded) that is anexternal edge may be preceded by the loading of a zero padding row (asin row n of horizontal stripe 902 a); the loading of a trailing row(i.e., last row of a horizontal stripe to be loaded) that is an externaledge may be followed by the loading of a zero padding row (as in row 1of horizontal stripe 902 b); the loading of a leading row that is aninternal edge may be preceded by the loading of a data padding row (asin row n of horizontal stripe 902 b); and the loading of a trailing rowthat is an internal edge may be followed by the loading of a datapadding row (as in row 1 of horizontal stripe 902 a). If not alreadyapparent, an “external edge” refers to a leading or trailing row of ahorizontal stripe that forms an external boundary of an input channel,whereas an internal edge refers to a leading or trailing row of ahorizontal stripe that is not part of an external boundary of an inputchannel. The reason for the zero or data padding row is tied to the 3×3filter requiring data from a row above and a row below the row ofinterest to compute the convolution output. For a 5×5 filter, twopadding rows (for the top row of a stripe) and two padding rows (for thebottom row of a stripe) or a total of four padding rows would have beenneeded.

In the particular example of FIG. 9B, the n+2 rows within the bolded anddashed rectangle are loaded into convolutional engine 708. The n+2 rowsinclude a zero padding row, n rows of horizontal stripe 902 a and a datapadding row (equivalent to row n of horizontal stripe 902 b).

FIGS. 9C-9D depict the loading of filter weights to convolutional engine708, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. Morespecifically, FIG. 9C depicts the loading of the nine weights of kernel704 a into each of the convolver units of the first row of the convolverarray (i.e., CU_(1,1), CU_(1,2), CU_(1,3) and CU_(1,4)), and FIG. 9Ddepicts the loading of the nine weights of kernel 704 b into each of theconvolver units of the second row of the convolver array (i.e.,CU_(2,1), CU_(2,2), CU_(2,3) and CU_(2,4)). Kernel 704 a is the firstkernel of filter f₁, and each of its weights is labeled with thesuperscript “1,1”, which is shorthand for (filter f₁, kernel 1). Kernel704 b is the first kernel of filter f₂, and each of its weights islabeled with the superscript “2,1”, which is shorthand for (filter f₂,kernel 1).

FIGS. 10A-10B depict the loading of a row of zero values into the 2-Dshift register. FIGS. 10B-10D depict a row-by-row loading of data valuesfrom the first input channel 702 a into the 2-D shift register and arow-to-row shifting of the data values through the 2-D shift register.Data values x_(n,1), x_(n,2), x_(n,3) and x_(n,4) may represent valuesfrom row n of horizontal stripe 902 a of input channel 702 a. Datavalues x_(n−1,1), x_(n−1,2), x_(n−1,3) and x_(n−1,4) may representvalues from row n−1 of horizontal stripe 902 a of input channel 702 a.Data values x_(n−2,1), x_(n−2,2), x_(n−2,3) and x_(n−2,4) may representvalues from row n−2 of horizontal stripe 902 a of input channel 702 a.

Upon row n of horizontal stripe 902 a being loaded into the second rowof data storage elements (i.e., d_(2,1), d_(2,2), d_(2,3) and d_(2,4)),the first row of convolver units (i.e., CU_(1,1), CU_(1,2), CU_(1,3) andCU_(1,4)) corresponding to the second row of data storage elements maybe activated. By “corresponding”, it is meant that there is a logicalcorrespondence between convolver unit CU_(1,1) and data storage elementd_(2,1), convolver unit CU_(1,2) and data storage element d_(2,2), andso on. The correspondences between the data storage element andconvolver units are shown in the figures by the data storage elementbeing drawn within the corresponding convolver unit. In a more typicalembodiment with a high number of convolver units, most of the convolverunits will receive data values from its corresponding data storageelement and eight spatial neighbors (i.e., data storage elementneighbors) of the corresponding data storage element. Such relationshipis more difficult to appreciate from the example convolutional engine ofFIG. 11A in which there is a small number of convolver units.

Active convolver units are drawn in FIG. 11A in bolded lines whilenon-active convolver units are drawn in FIG. 11A using non-bolded lines.In one embodiment, “active” means that a convolver unit is powered on,whereas “non-active” means that a convolver unit is powered off to savepower. A controller (depicted as controller 2202 in FIG. 22 andcontroller 3006 in FIG. 30, but not depicted in other figures forconciseness of presentation) may be responsible for powering on and offconvolver units. The controller may power on a row of convolver unitsonce the data from row n of a horizontal stripe has been loaded into thedata storage elements corresponding to the row of convolver units. Thecontroller may power off a row of convolver units once data from row 1of a horizontal stripe has been transferred out of the data storageelements corresponding to the row of convolver units.

FIGS. 11A and 11B describe the processing of two out of the four activeconvolver units for the spatial orientation of the data values depictedin FIG. 10D. While the processing of the two convolver units isdescribed in two separate figures, it is understood that such processingtypically occurs in parallel (i.e., at the same time) in order toincrease the number of computations per clock cycle.

As depicted in FIG. 11A, convolver unit CU_(1,1) (typical for convolverunits located on the left and right edges of the convolver array)receives data and/or zero values from five neighboring data storageelements and one data value from the data storage element correspondingto convolver unit CU_(1,1). More specifically, convolver unit CU_(1,1)receives:

-   -   data value x_(n−1,1) from data storage element d_(1,1) via        electrical connection 1100 a,    -   data value x_(n−1,2) from data storage element d_(1,2) via        electrical connection 1100 b,    -   data value x_(n,1) from data storage element d_(2,1) via an        electrical connection (not depicted)    -   data value x_(n,2) from data storage element d_(2,2) via        electrical connection 1100 c,    -   the zero value from data storage element d_(3,1) via electrical        connection 1100 d, and    -   the zero value from data storage element d_(3,2) via electrical        connection 1100 e.        For clarity of depiction, electrical interconnections (i.e.,        bolded arrows) between convolver units and data storage elements        are only depicted when needed for discussion.

Once the data and/or zero values have been received, convolver unitCU_(1,1) may compute the partial sum y₁ defined by w₂ ^(1,1)x_(n−1,1)+w₃^(1,1)x_(n−1,2)+w₅ ^(1,1)x_(n,1)+w₆ ^(1,1)x_(n,2) (where w₂ ^(1,1), w₃^(1,1), w₅ ^(1,1), and w₆ ^(1,1) and are four of the nine weights ofkernel 704 a depicted in FIG. 9C) store the partial sum y₁ inaccumulator 1102 a of convolver unit CU_(1,1). Accumulator 1102 a may bepart of a linear array of n accumulators, where n is the number of rowswithin horizontal stripe 902 a. Accumulator 1102 a may be configured tostore the partial sums corresponding to row n of a horizontal stripe;accumulator 1102 b may be configured to store the partial sumscorresponding to row n−1 of a horizontal stripe; and so on. For clarityof explanation, it is noted that the bottom instance of convolver unitCU_(1,1) and the top instance of convolver unit CU_(1,1) are one and thesame convolver unit, with the bottom instance showing additional detailsof the top instance.

As depicted in FIG. 11B, convolver unit CU_(1,2) receives data and/orzero values from eight neighboring data storage elements and one datavalue from the data storage element corresponding to convolver unitCU_(1,2). More specifically, convolver unit CU_(1,2) receives:

-   -   data value x_(n−1,1) from data storage element d_(1,1) via        electrical connection 1100 f,    -   data value x_(n−1,2) from data storage element d_(1,2) via        electrical connection 1100 g,    -   data value x_(n−1,3) from data storage element d_(1,3) via        electrical connection 1100 h,    -   data value x_(n,1) from data storage element d_(2,1) via an        electrical connection 1100 i,    -   data value x_(n,2) from data storage element d_(2,2) via        electrical connection (not depicted),    -   data value x_(n,3) from data storage element d_(2,3) via        electrical connection 1100 j,    -   the zero value from data storage element d_(3,1) via electrical        connection 1100 k,    -   the zero value from data storage element d_(3,2) via electrical        connection 1100 l, and    -   the zero value from data storage element d_(3,3) via electrical        connection 1100 m.

Once the data and/or zero values have been received, convolver unitCU_(1,2) may compute the partial sum y₂ defined by w₁ ^(1,1)x_(n−1,1)+w₂^(1,1)x_(n−1,2)+w₃ ^(1,1)x_(n−1,3)+w₄ ^(1,1)x_(n,1)+w₅ ^(1,1)x_(n,2)+w₆^(1,1)x_(n,3) (where w₁ ^(1,1), w₂ ^(1,1), w₃ ^(1,1), w₄ ^(1,1), w₅^(1,1) and w₆ ^(1,1) are six of the nine weights of kernel 704 adepicted in FIG. 9C) and store the partial sum y₂ in accumulator 1104 aof convolver unit CU_(1,2).

Similar processing is performed by CU_(1,3) and CU_(1,4), so the detailsof these computations have been omitted for conciseness. At theconclusion of the processing by the four active convolver units for thespatial orientation of data values shown in FIG. 10D, four partial sumsare computed and stored in accumulators 1102 a, 1104 a, 1106 a and 1108a, as shown in FIG. 11C.

FIG. 12 depicts the 2-D shift register after the data and/or zero valueshave been shifted down one row of data storage elements, and data valuesx_(n−2,1), x_(n−2,2), x_(n−2,3) and x_(n−2,4) from the n−2 row of thehorizontal stripe 902 a have been loaded into the 2-D shift register.Once row n of horizontal stripe 902 a has been loaded into data storageelements d_(3,1), d_(3,2), d_(3,3), and d_(3,4), the correspondingconvolver units CU_(2,1), CU_(2,2), CU_(2,3) and CU_(2,4) are activated,in addition to CU_(1,1), CU_(1,2), CU_(1,3) and CU_(1,4) (as shown inFIG. 13A).

FIGS. 13A-13D describe the processing of four of the eight activeconvolver units, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.While the processing of the four convolver units is described in fourseparate figures, it is understood that such processing typically occursin parallel (i.e., at the same time) in order to increase the number ofcomputations per clock cycle.

As depicted in FIG. 13A, convolver unit CU_(1,1) may receive data valuesfrom the five neighboring data storage elements and the onecorresponding data storage element. Convolver unit CU_(1,1) may computethe partial sum y₅ defined by w₂ ^(1,1)x_(n−2,1)+w₃ ^(1,1)x_(n−2,2)+w₅^(1,1)x_(n−1,1)+w₆ ^(1,1)x_(n−1,2)+w₈ ^(1,1)x_(n,1)+w₉ ^(1,1)x_(n,2) andstore the partial sum y₅ in accumulator 1102 b of convolver unitCU_(1,1).

As depicted in FIG. 13B, convolver unit CU_(1,2) may receive data valuesfrom the eight neighboring data storage elements and the onecorresponding data storage element. Convolver unit CU_(1,2) may computethe partial sum y₆ defined by w₁ ^(1,1)x_(n−2,1)+w₂ ^(1,1)x_(n−2,2)+w₃^(1,1)x_(n−2,3)+w₄ ^(1,1)x_(n−1,1)+w₅ ^(1,1)x_(n−1,2)+w₆^(1,1)x_(n−1,3)+w₇ ^(1,1)x_(n,1)+w₈ ^(1,1)x_(n,2)+w₉ ^(1,1)x_(n,3) andstore the partial sum y₆ in accumulator 1104 b of convolver unitCU_(1,2).

As depicted in FIG. 13C, convolver unit CU_(1,3) may receive data valuesfrom the eight neighboring data storage elements and the onecorresponding data storage element. Convolver unit CU_(1,3) may computethe partial sum y₇ defined by w₁ ^(1,1)x_(n−2,2)+w₂ ^(1,1)x_(n−2,3)+w₃^(1,1)x_(n−2,4)+w₄ ^(1,1)x_(n−1,2)+w₅ ^(1,1)x_(n−1,3)+w₆^(1,1)x_(n−1,4)+w₇ ^(1,1)x_(n,2)+w₈ ^(1,1)x_(n,3)+w₉ ^(1,1)x_(n,4) andstore the partial sum y₇ in accumulator 1106 b of convolver unitCU_(1,3).

As depicted in FIG. 13D, convolver unit CU_(2,1) may receive data and/orzero values from the five neighboring data storage elements and the onecorresponding data storage element. Convolver unit CU_(2,1) may thencompute the partial sum y₉ defined by w₂ ^(2,1)x_(n−1,1)+w₃^(2,1)x_(n−1,2)+w₅ ^(2,1)x_(n,1)+w₆ ^(2,1)x_(n,2) (where w₂ ^(2,1), w₃^(2,1), w₅ ^(2,1), and w₆ ^(2,1) are four of the nine weights of kernel704 b depicted in FIG. 9D) and store the partial sum y₉ in accumulator1110 a of convolver unit CU_(2,1).

Similar processing may be performed by CU_(1,4), CU_(2,2), CU_(2,3) andCU_(2,4), so the details of these computations have been omitted forconciseness. At the conclusion of the processing by the active convolverunits for the spatial orientation of data values shown in FIG. 12, eight(additional) partial sums have been computed and stored in accumulators1102 b, 1104 b, 1106 b, 1108 b, 1110 a, 1112 a, 1114 a and 1116 a, asshown in FIG. 13E.

The processing of the 2-D shift register and the plurality ofconvolutional units continues in a similar fashion until row 1 ofhorizontal stripe 902 a has been shifted through the 2-D shift register.At this point, data values of the next input channel and parameters(i.e., weights) of the kernels corresponding to the next input channelmay be loaded into the convolutional engine, as depicted in FIGS.14A-14D.

FIG. 14A depicts the loading of data values from the second inputchannel 702 b into convolutional engine 708, in accordance with oneembodiment of the invention. As depicted in greater detail in FIG. 14B,the second input channel 702 b may include horizontal stripes 904 a and904 b, and horizontal stripe 904 a may be loaded into convolutionalengine 708 in a similar manner as horizontal stripe 902 a was loaded.

FIGS. 14C-14D depict the loading of filter weights into convolutionalengine 708, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. Morespecifically, FIG. 14C depicts the loading of the nine weights of kernel704 c into each of the convolver units of the first row of the convolverarray (i.e., CU_(1,1), CU_(1,2), CU_(1,3) and CU_(1,4)), and FIG. 14Ddepicts the loading of the nine weights of kernel 704 b into each of theconvolver units of the second row of the convolver array (i.e.,CU_(2,1), CU_(2,2), CU_(2,3) and CU_(2,4)). Kernel 704 c is the secondkernel of filter f₁, and each of its weights is labeled with thesuperscript “1,2”, which is shorthand for (filter f₁, kernel 2). Kernel704 d is the second kernel of filter f₂, and each of its weights islabeled with the superscript “2,2”, which is shorthand for (filter f₂,kernel 2).

FIGS. 15A-15B depict the loading of a row of zero values into the 2-Dshift register. FIGS. 15B-15D depict a row-by-row loading of data valuesfrom the second input channel 702 b into the 2-D shift register and arow-to-row shifting of the data values through the 2-D shift register.Data values x′_(n,1), x′_(n,2), x′_(n,3) and x′_(n,4) may representvalues from row n of horizontal stripe 904 a of input channel 702 b.Data values x′_(n−1,1), x′_(n−1,2), x′_(n−1,3) and x′_(n−1,4) mayrepresent values from row n−1 of horizontal stripe 904 a of inputchannel 702 b. Data values x′_(n−2,1), x′_(n−2,2), x′_(n−2,3), andx′_(n−2,4) values from row n−2 of horizontal stripe 904 a of inputchannel 702 b. Upon row n of horizontal stripe 904 a being loaded intothe second row of data storage elements, the first row of convolverunits may be activated (as shown in FIG. 16A).

FIGS. 16A and 16B describe the processing of two out of the four activeconvolver units for the spatial orientation of the data values depictedin FIG. 15D. As depicted in FIG. 16A, convolver unit CU_(1,1) mayreceive data and/or zero values from the five neighboring data storageelements and one data value from the data storage element correspondingto convolver unit CU_(1,1). Once the data values have been received,convolver unit CU_(1,1) may compute the partial sum y₁₃ defined by w₂^(1,2)x′_(n−1,1)+w₃ ^(1,2)x′_(n−1,2)+w₅ ^(1,2)x′_(n,1)+w₆ ^(1,2)x′_(n,2)(where w₂ ^(1,2), w₃ ^(1,2), w₅ ^(1,2), and w₆ ^(1,2) are four of thenine weights of kernel 704 c depicted in FIG. 14C). The partial sum y₁₃may be summed with y₁ (the partial sum previously computed by convolverunit CU_(1,1) for row n) and the new partial sum y₁+y₁₃ may be stored inaccumulator 1102 a.

As depicted in FIG. 16B, convolver unit CU_(1,2) may receive data and/orzero values from the eight neighboring data storage elements and onedata value from the data storage element corresponding to convolver unitCU_(1,2). Once the data and/or zero values have been received, convolverunit CU_(1,2) may compute the partial sum y₁₄ defined by w₁^(1,2)x′_(n−1,1)+w₂ ^(1,2)x′_(n−1,2)+w₃ ^(1,2)x′_(n−1,3)+w₄^(1,2)x′_(n,1)+w₅ ^(1,2)x′_(n,2)+w₆ ^(1,2)x′_(n,3)(where w₁ ^(1,2), w₂^(1,2), w₃ ^(1,2), w₄ ^(1,2), w₅ ^(1,2) and w₆ ^(1,2) are six of thenine weights of kernel 704 c depicted in FIG. 14C). The partial sum y₁₄may be summed with y₂ (the partial sum previously computed by convolverunit CU_(1,2) for row n) and the new partial sum y₂+y₁₄ may be stored inaccumulator 1104 a.

Similar processing is performed by CU_(1,3) and CU_(1,4), so the detailsof these computations have been omitted for conciseness. At theconclusion of the processing by the four active convolver units for thespatial orientation of data values shown in FIG. 15D, four partial sumshave been updated and stored in accumulators 1102 a, 1104 a, 1106 a and1108 a, as shown in FIG. 16C.

FIG. 17 depicts the 2-D shift register after the data and/or zero valueshave been shifted down one row of data storage elements, and data valuesx′_(n−2,1), x′_(n−2,2), x′_(n−2,3) and x′_(n−2,4) from the n−2 row ofthe horizontal stripe 904 a have been loaded into the 2-D shiftregister. Once row n of horizontal stripe 904 a has been loaded intodata storage elements d_(3,1), d_(3,2), d_(3,3) and d_(3,4), thecorresponding convolver units CU_(2,1), CU_(2,2), CU_(2,3) and CU_(2,4)are activated, in addition to CU_(1,1), CU_(1,2), CU_(1,3) and CU_(1,4)(as shown in FIG. 18A).

FIGS. 18A-18B describe the processing of two of the eight activeconvolver units, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. Asdepicted in FIG. 18A, convolver unit CU_(1,1) may receive data valuesfrom the five neighboring data storage elements and the onecorresponding data storage element. Convolver unit CU_(1,1) may thencompute the partial sum y₁₇ defined by w₂ ^(1,2)x′_(n−2,1)+w₃^(1,2)x′_(n−2,2)+w₅ ^(1,2)x′_(n−1,1)+w₆ ^(1,2)x′_(n−1,2)+w₈^(1,2)x′_(n,1)+w₉ ^(1,2)x′_(n,2). The partial sum y₁₇ may be summed withy₅ (the partial sum previously computed by convolver unit CU_(1,1) forrow n−1) and the new partial sum y₅+y₁₇ may be stored in accumulator1102 b.

As depicted in FIG. 18B, convolver unit CU_(1,2) may receive data valuesfrom the eight neighboring data storage elements and the onecorresponding data storage element. Convolver unit CU_(1,2) may thencompute the partial sum y₁₈ defined by w₁ ^(1,2)x′_(n−2,1)+w₂^(1,2)x′_(n−2,2)+w₃ ^(1,2)x′_(n−2,3)+w₄ ^(1,2)x′_(n−1,1)+w₅^(1,2)x′_(n−1,2)+w₆ ^(1,2)x′_(n−1,3)+w₇ ^(1,2)x′_(n,1)+w₈^(1,2)x′_(n,2)+w₉ ^(1,2)x′_(n,3). The partial sum y₁₈ may be summed withy₆ (the partial sum previously computed by convolver unit CU_(1,2) forrow n−1) and the new partial sum y₆+y₁₈ may be stored in accumulator1104 b.

Similar processing is performed by convolver units CU_(1,3), CU_(1,4),CU_(2,1), CU_(2,2), CU_(2,3) and CU_(2,4), so the details of thesecomputations have been omitted for conciseness. At the conclusion of theprocessing by the active convolver units for the spatial orientation ofdata values shown in FIG. 17, eight (additional) partial sums have beenupdated and stored in accumulators 1102 b, 1104 b, 1106 b, 1108 b, 1110a, 1112 a, 1114 a and 1116 a, as shown in FIG. 18C.

The processing of the 2-D shift register and the plurality ofconvolutional units continues in a similar fashion until row 1 ofhorizontal stripe 904 a has been shifted through the 2-D shift register.The processing of the 2-D shift register and the plurality ofconvolutional units then continues until all of the remaining inputchannels have been processed in a manner similar to the processing ofthe first two input channels.

At this point (or earlier in the process), bias values may be loadedinto the convolutional units. More specifically, FIG. 19A depicts theloading of bias value b₁ into the first row of convolver units(CU_(1,1), CU_(1,2), CU_(1,3) and CU_(1,4)) and FIG. 19B depicts theloading of bias value b₂ into the second row of convolver units(CU_(2,1), CU_(2,2), CU_(2,3) and CU_(2,4)). The partial sums computedby the first row of convolver units may be biased by bias value b₁, andthe partial sums computed by the second row of convolver units may bebiased by bias value b₂ (as depicted in FIG. 20) to yield the output ofthe convolution operation.

In the examples so far, it was assumed that the number of rows of theconvolver array equals the number filters. This relationship, however,does not always hold. If the number of filters were less than the numberof rows of the convolver array, unused rows of the convolver array couldbe deactivated. If the number of filters were more than the number ofrows of the convolver array, the convolution operations wouldessentially need to be repeated. For instance, if there were six filtersand only three rows of convolver units, then the convolution operationscould be performed for filters 1-3, and the same convolution operationswould be repeated, except that filters 1-3 would be substituted withfilters 4-6.

Some motivation is now provided for the above-described architecture ofthe convolutional engine. The architecture essentially attempts tostrike a balance between the fan -out of data storage elements (relatedto the sizing of circuit components) and the number of computations perclock cycle (related to the speed of computation). At one extreme ofsolely maximizing the computations per clock cycle, the 2-D shiftregister could have been reduced to three rows of data storage elements,with CU_(1,1), CU_(2,1), CU_(3,1), . . . wired to the same six datastorage elements; CU_(1,2), CU_(2,2), CU_(3,2), . . . wired to the samenine data storage elements, etc. While the computations per clock cyclewould be greater than the above-described architecture, the fan-out ofthe data storage elements would be much greater (requiring largercircuit components to drive the increased output capacitance). At theother extreme of solely minimizing the fan-out, three contiguous rows ofthe 2-D shift register could have been used exclusively for filter 1,three contiguous rows of the 2-D shift register could have been usedexclusively for filter 2, and so on. While the fan-out would be lowerthan the above-described architecture, the number of computations perclock cycle would essentially be reduced by two-thirds, as compared tothe above-described architecture. In light of this explanation, themotivation for the above-described architecture should now be moreapparent as one which strikes a balance between the fan-out of datastorage elements and the number of computations per clock cycle.

FIG. 21 depicts internal components of convolver unit 806 (i.e.,CU_(1,2)), in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. Convolverunit 806 may include nine multipliers (2102 a, , 2102 i). Each of themultipliers may be electrically coupled to a data storage element (i.e.,one of the data storage elements of the 2-D shift register) and may beconfigured to receive a data value stored in the corresponding datastorage element. In particular, multipliers 2102 a, 2102 b, 2102 c, 2102d, 2102 e, 2102 f, 2102 g, 2102 h, and 2102 i are electrically coupledto data storage elements d_(1,1), d_(1,2), d_(1,3), d_(2,1), d_(2,2),d_(2,3), d_(3,1), d_(3,2), and d_(3,3), and are configured to receivedata values x₁, x₂, x₃, x₄, x₅, x₆, x₇, x₈, and x₉, from data storageelements 2102 a, 2102 b, 2102 c, 2102 d, 2102 e, 2102 f, 2102 g, 2102 h,and 2102 i, respectively. The data value stored in a data storageelement typically changes with each clock cycle. For example, in thecontext of FIG. 10C, x₁ would equal x_(n,1); in FIG. 10D, x₁ would equalx_(n−1,1); and so on. The same comment applies for the other datavalues.

Each of the multipliers is further configured to receive a weight. Inparticular, multipliers 2102 a, 2102 b, 2102 c, 2102 d, 2102 e, 2102 f,2102 g, 2102 h, and 2102 i are configured to receive weights w₁, w₂, w₃,w₄, w₅, w₆, w₇, w₈, and w₉, respectively. A different set of weights maybe loaded for each channel of input data 702. For example, in thecontext of FIG. 9C, w₁ would equal w₁ ^(1,1); in the context of FIG.14C, w₁ would equal w₁ ^(1,2); and so on.

Each of the multipliers may multiply two values so as to generate theproduct of the two values. In particular, multipliers 2102 a, 2102 b,2102 c, 2102 d, 2102 e, 2102 f, 2102 g, 2102 h, and 2102 i may multiplydata values x₁, x₂, x₃, x₄, x₅, x₆, x₇, x₈, and x₉ with weights w₁, w₂,w₃, w₄, w₅, w₆, w₇, w₈, and w₉ so as to generate the products w₁x₁,w₂x₂, w₃x₃, w₄x₄, w₅x₅, w₆x₆, w₇x₇, w₈x₈, and w₉x₉, respectively. In anembodiment in which signal values (including data values and weights)are represented in the log domain, a specialized multiplier may beimplemented using a bit-shifter and an adder (the specialized multiplierfurther performing a log-to-linear transformation). For more details onsuch an implementation, see, e.g., Daisuke Miyashita et al.“Convolutional Neural Networks using Logarithmic Data Representation”arXiv preprint arXiv:1603.01025, 2016. Therefore, for clarity, whenstated that a product is generated, it is understood that such acomputation can be implemented using a multiplier, or the combination ofa bit-shifter and an adder.

Convolver unit 806 may further include a plurality of adders and thevalues that are summed by the adders may depend on control signal s1.When the data values x₁, . . . , x₉ are from the first input channel 702a, control signal s1 may be set to 0, causing output selector 2106 todeliver the zero value to adder 2104 h. In this mode of operation, thepartial sum w₁x₁+w₂x₂+w₃x₃+w₄x₄+w₅x₅+w₆x₆+w₇x₇+w₈x₈+w₉x₉ is computed,and is not based on any previous partial sums. The partial sum is thenstored in one of the accumulators 1104 a, 1104 b, etc. depending onwhich row of a horizontal stripe the data values are from. If the datavalues are from row n, the partial sum would be stored in accumulator1104 a; if the data values are from row n−1, the partial sum would bestored in accumulator 1104 b; and so on.

When the data values x₁, . . . , x₉ are from one of the subsequent inputchannels (e.g., 702 b, etc.), control signal s1 may be set to 1, causingoutput selector 2106 to deliver a previously computed partial sum toadder 2104 h. In particular, if the data values are from row n of ahorizontal stripe, the previously computed partial sum stored inaccumulator 1104 a would be provided to adder 2104 h; if the data valuesare from row n−1, the previously computed partial sum stored inaccumulator 1104 b would be provided to adder 2104 h; and so on.

When control signal s1 is set to 2, output selector 2106 may beconfigured to deliver a partial sum from an accumulator to adder 2104 j,which sums the partial sum with bias b_(k). The resulting sum may bestored back into the accumulator from which the partial sum was read.For an efficient implementation, an entire vector of partial sums may beread from the accumulator array (1104 a, 1104 b, . . . ), summed withbias b_(k), and the vector (now with biasing) may be stored back intothe accumulator array. Such computation may implement the biasingoperation described for CU_(1,2) in FIG. 20.

It is further noted that in an embodiment in which signal values arerepresented in the log domain, specialized adders (built usingcomparators, bit-shifters and adders) may receive two values in thelinear domain (since the preceding specialized multipliers performed alog-to -linear transformation) and return the resulting sum in the logdomain. Details of such specialized adders may also be found in DaisukeMiyashita et al. “Convolutional Neural Networks using Logarithmic DataRepresentation” arXiv preprint arXiv:1603.01025, 2016.

Any of the convolver units that receive nine data values (and nineweights) may have a similar hardware architecture as convolver unitCU_(1,2), and hence will not be described for conciseness. For convolverunits that receive less than nine data values, the hardware architecturecould still be similar to the hardware architecture of convolver unitCU_(1,2), except that some of the inputs to the multipliers could behardwired to the zero value (data input or weight could be set to thezero value). For example, since CU_(1,1) does not receive data valuesx₁, x₄ and x₇, weights w₁, w₄ and w₇ could be set to zero. In anotherembodiment, some of the multipliers could even be omitted. For example,since CU_(1,1) does not receive data values x₁, x₄ and x₇, multipliers2102 a, 2102 d and 2102 g could be omitted.

In one embodiment of the invention, the computations of all ninemultipliers (or their equivalents in the log domain) and nine adders (ortheir equivalents in the log domain) take place all within one clockcycle. That is, if data values are stored in the nine data storageelements at clock cycle n, the partial sum is stored in the accumulatorsat clock cycle n+1. Further, for increased throughput, new data valuesmay be stored in the nine data storage elements at clock cycle n+1 whilethe partial sum is stored. Therefore the computation of a new partialsum may be performed during every clock cycle.

Details are now provided as to how the stride of the convolutionoperation can be set using the hardware architecture. Recall, the stride(or the step size) is the number of pixels or data values that thefilter is shifted between dot product operations. FIG. 22 illustratesthat by setting every odd row and every odd column of convolver units tobe active and setting every even row and every even column of convolverunits to be non-active (by means of control signals provided bycontroller 2202), a stride of 2 may be achieved. It should be apparenthow other stride values can be set. For a stride of 3, rows 3x+1 forxϵ{0, 1, 2, . . . } of convolver units and columns 3x+1 for xϵ{0, 1, 2,. . . } of convolver units may be set to be active and all other rowsand columns may be set to be non-active. Even strides of less than 1 arepossible. For example, for a stride of ½, input 702 can be interpolatedbefore it is loaded into convolutional engine 708. For a 2×2 inputmatrix of

$\quad\begin{bmatrix}a & b \\c & d\end{bmatrix}$the following 3×3 interpolated matrix can be provided as input toconvolutional engine 708 in order to achieve a stride of ½:

$\quad\begin{bmatrix}a & \frac{a + b}{2} & b \\\frac{a + c}{2} & \frac{a + b + c + d}{4} & \frac{b + d}{2} \\c & \frac{c + d}{2} & d\end{bmatrix}$While a linear interpolation was used in the present example, it isunderstood that other forms of interpolation (e.g., polynomialinterpolation, spline interpolation, etc.) are also possible.

While the discussion so far has focused on the convolution operation, aconvolutional neural network typically involves other types ofoperations, such as the max pool and rectification operators. Theconvolver unit was presented first for ease of understanding, but now amore generalized form of a convolver unit, called a “functional unit”will now be described for handling other types of operations common in aconvolutional neural network in addition to the convolution operation.

FIG. 23 depicts convolutional engine 2300 including a 2-D shift registerand an array of functional units, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe invention. Convolutional engine 2300 is similar to theabove-described convolutional engine 708, except that the convolverunits have been replaced with functional units. One of the functionalunits, FU_(1,2), is labeled as 2302 and its hardware architecture isdescribed below in FIG. 23.

FIG. 24 depicts internal components of functional unit 2302, inaccordance with one embodiment of the invention. There are two maindifferences between functional unit 2302 and convolver unit 806. First,functional unit 2302 has the ability to compute the maximum of a sum(needed to perform the max pool operation). Second, functional unit 2302has the ability to compute the rectification of a value. In order tocompute the maximum of a sum, each of the nine adders (2104 a, . . . ,2104 i) of the convolver unit may be replaced with a function selector(2404 a, . . . , 2404 i). The function selector receives control signals2, allowing the selection between an adder and a comparator (see insetin FIG. 24). With the adder selected, the functional unit, for the mostpart, is transformed back into the hardware architecture of convolverunit 806, and functional unit 2302 is configured to perform theabove-described convolution operation. With the comparator selected,functional unit 2302 is configured to compute max(w₁x₁, w₂x₂, w₃x₃,w₄x₄, w₅x₅, w₆x₆, w₇x₇, w₈x₈, w₉x₉) when control signal s1 is set to 0,and max(w₁x₁, w₂x₂, w₃x₃, w₄x₄, w₅x₅, w₆x₆, w₇x₇, w₈x₈, w₉x₉ , previouspartial sum) when control signal s1 is set to 1. Therefore, whenoperating the convolutional engine 2302 in a manner similar to FIGS.8-18C, except with the comparator selected, the maximum of the pointwisemultiplication of a three dimensional filter (e.g., f₁) with a threedimensional volume of input (i.e., a volume of input that aligns withthe filter—as described in FIG. 6) may be computed. It should now beapparent that the max pool operator may be implemented with thecomparators of a functional unit selected and the stride set equal tothe magnitude of one dimension of a kernel of the filter (e.g., for a3×3 kernel, the stride would be set to be 3).

When the control signal s1 is set to 2, functional unit is configured toperform the rectification operation. Control signal s1 being set to 2causes output selector 2406 to provide the value stored in one or moreof the accumulators 1104 a, 1104 b, . . . to rectifier 2408, whichperforms the following rectification operation:

${{rect}(x)} = \left\{ \begin{matrix}{{x\mspace{14mu}{for}\mspace{14mu} x} > 0} \\{{0\mspace{14mu}{for}\mspace{14mu} x} \leq 0}\end{matrix} \right.$

In a data representation in which a data value is represented by a zerobit (indicating whether the data value is 0), a sign bit (indicating thewhether the data value is positive or negative) and the magnitude(indicating the magnitude of the data value), rectifier 2408 can beconfigured to return 0 whenever the sign bit indicates a negative numberor if the zero bit is set, and return the magnitude otherwise.

When the control signal s1 is set to 3, functional unit is configured toadd a bias value to the data stored in accumulators 1104 a, 1104 b, etc.similar to the operation of convolver unit 806.

FIG. 25 depicts three scenarios of data values being loaded from inputchannel 702 a into convolutional engine 708 having m columns ofconvolver units, with scenario (a) illustrating input channel 702 ahaving m columns of data values, scenario (b) illustrating input channel702 a having 3m−4 columns of data values, and scenario (c) illustratinginput channel 702 a having m/2 columns of data values, in accordancewith one embodiment of the invention. Scenario (a) was previouslydescribed in FIG. 9B, but will be more fully discussed in FIGS. 26A-26B.Scenario (b) discusses an example in which the number of columns ofinput channel 702 a is greater than the number of columns of theconvolver array. Scenario (c) discusses an example in which the numberof columns of input channel 702 a is less than the number of columns ofthe convolver array. While a convolutional engine is more abstractlydepicted, it should be understood that the architecture of aconvolutional engine may be similar to earlier described examples, witha 2-D shift register and a convolver array.

FIG. 26A depicts the loading of a zero padding row, horizontal stripe902 a and a data padding row (corresponding to row n of horizontalstripe 902 b) into convolutional engine 708. (If not already apparent,the bolded dashed rectangle denotes the portion of input channel 702 abeing loaded into convolutional engine 708.) More specifically, the zeropadding row is first loaded into the 2-D shift register of convolutionalengine 708, followed by row n of horizontal stripe 902 a, followed byrow n−1 of horizontal stripe 902 a, . . . followed by row 1 ofhorizontal stripe 902 a, and followed by the data padding row. Asdescribed above, each time a row of data storage elements stores row nof a horizontal stripe, the convolver units corresponding to that row ofdata storage elements are activated. Each time row 1 of a horizontalstripe is shifted out of a row of data storage elements, the convolverunits corresponding to that row of data storage elements arede-activated.

FIG. 26B depicts the loading of one data padding row (corresponding torow 1 of horizontal stripe 902 a), horizontal stripe 902 b and a zeropadding row into convolutional engine 708. More specifically, the datapadding row is first loaded into the 2-D shift register of convolutionalengine 708, followed by row n of horizontal stripe 902 b, followed byrow n−1 of horizontal stripe 902 b, . . . followed by row 1 ofhorizontal stripe 902 b, and followed by the zero padding row.

While input channel 702 a included two horizontal stripes to illustratethe concept of a single “horizontal cut line” through the input data(conceptually located at the boundary of horizontal stripes 902 a and902 b), it is understood that an input channel would have morehorizontal stripes if there were more horizontal cut lines. For ahorizontal stripe that is bordered above and below by other horizontalstripes, the loading of that horizontal stripe would be preceded by adata padding row and followed by another data padding row.

FIGS. 27A-27C illustrate a scenario in which “vertical cut lines”through input channel 702 a are needed, and how to handle the verticalcut lines. Generally, a vertical cut line is needed whenever the numberof columns of the input channel is greater than the number of columns ofthe convolver array. The present example discusses the scenario in whichthe number of columns of the input channel is equal to 3m−4, where m isthe number of columns of the convolver array. Whenever the number ofcolumns of the input channel is equal to two more than a multiple of m−2(as is true in the present example), the convolver array is utilized inan efficient manner (no unused convolver units), but if thisrelationship does not hold, the concepts described below still apply,but the convolver array will be utilized in a less efficient manner(will have unused convolver units). Further, for the sake of clarity ofillustration and explanation, horizontal cut lines, zero padding rows,and data padding rows are not discussed in the example of FIGS. 27A-27C.Nevertheless, it is expected that one of ordinary skill in the art willbe able to combine concepts from FIGS. 26A-26B and 27A-27B in order tohandle scenarios in which there are both horizontal and vertical cutlines.

In FIG. 27A, input channel 702 a is divided into vertical stripes 906 a,906 b and 906 c. Conceptually, one can imagine a first vertical cut lineseparating vertical stripe 906 a from vertical stripe 906 b, and asecond vertical cut line separating vertical stripe 906 b from 906 c. Inan efficient use of the convolutional engine, interior vertical stripes(such as 906 b) contain m−2 columns, whereas exterior vertical stripes(such as 906 a and 906 c) contain m−1 columns. FIG. 27A depicts mcolumns (including the m−1 columns of vertical stripe 906 a and one datapadding column) being loaded into convolutional engine 708. The rightmost column of convolver units (which aligns with the data paddingcolumn) is non-active, as the output of these convolver units would haveproduced a convolution output treating the data padding column as anexternal column (which is not true in the current scenario). Theremaining m−1 columns of the convolver units operate in a similar manneras the convolver units that have been previously described.

FIG. 27B depicts m columns (including the m−2 columns of vertical stripe906 b bordered on the right and left sides by a data padding column)being loaded into convolutional engine 708. The left most and right mostcolumns of convolver units (which align with the data padding columns)are non-active, for reasons similar to those provided above. Theremaining m−2 columns of the convolver units operate in a similar manneras the convolver units that have been previously described.

FIG. 27C depicts m columns (including one data padding column and them−1 columns of vertical stripe 906 c) being loaded into convolutionalengine 708. The left most column of convolver units (which aligns withthe data padding column) is non-active, for reasons similar to thoseprovided above. The remaining m−1 columns of the convolver units operatein a similar manner as the convolver units that have been previouslydescribed.

FIG. 28 describes the scenario in which the number of columns of theinput channel 702 a is equal to m/2, in which m is the number of columnsof the convolutional engine. The variable m is assumed to be an evennumber for the example of FIG. 28, but need not be an even number ingeneral. Whenever the number of columns of the input channel is equal toa divisor of m (as is true in the present example), the convolver arrayis utilized in an efficient manner (i.e., will have no unused convolverunits), but if this relationship does not hold, the concepts describedbelow still apply, but the convolver array will be utilized in a lessefficient manner (i.e., will have unused convolver units).

The example of FIG. 28 illustrates the concept of a “vertical cut line”through the convolutional engine 708, in which there is no transfer ofdata between region 708 a (which includes the first half of the“columns” of the convolutional engine) and region 708 b (which includesthe second half of the “columns” of the convolutional engine). The termcolumn, when used in the context of a convolutional engine, includes acolumn of the 2-D shift register and the corresponding column ofconvolutional units. Conceptually, one can imagine a vertical cut linethat separates region 708 a from region 708 b. Region 708 a essentiallyfunctions independently from region 708 b, allowing region 708 a to beconfigured to perform a convolution with a first set of filters (e.g.,filters 1 through 10), and region 708 b to be configured to perform theconvolution with a second set of filters (e.g., filters 11-20). Thenumber of filters (10 in each region) was chosen for clarity ofexplanation, and it is understood that there could have been a differentnumber of filters in one or both of the two regions. The partitioning ofthe convolutional engine into independent regions (2 regions in thiscase, but could be more regions in other cases), allows for an increasedthroughput for the convolutional engine (in this case a doubling of thethroughput).

As a concrete example, suppose that convolutional engine has 14 columnsof convolver units. The weights of filter 1 would be loaded in each ofconvolver units 1-7 of the first row of convolver units, and the weightsof filter 11 would be loaded in each of convolver units 8-14 of thefirst row of convolver units.

To configure convolutional engine 708 to operate with a “vertical cutline”, convolver units in the right most column of region 708 a haveweights w₃, w₆ and w₉ set to zero (regardless of what those weightsmight be from the filter kernels), and convolver units in the left mostcolumn of region 708 b have weights w₁, w₄ and w₇ set to zero(regardless of what those weights might be from the filter kernels).Such setting of weights results in the data flow shown in the inset ofFIG. 28, in which convolver units in the right most column of region 708a do not receive any data values from its “right neighbors”, and theconvolver units in the left most column of region 708 b do not receiveany data values from its “left neighbors”.

When input channel 702 a is loaded into convolutional engine 708, it isloaded into region 708 a row-by-row, and at the same time, it is loadedinto region 708 b row-by-row. If the propagation of data throughconvolutional engine 708 could conceptually be viewed as a ticker tapetraversing in the vertical direction, there would be one ticker tapetraversing down region 708 a, and there would be a mirror image of thatticker tape traversing down region 708 b.

While FIG. 28 illustrated an example with one vertical cut line throughthe convolutional engine, it should be apparent how a convolutionalengine could be modified to have multiple vertical cut lines. Further,for the sake of clarity of illustration and explanation, horizontal cutlines, zero padding rows, and data padding rows are not discussed in theexample of FIG. 28. Nevertheless, it is expected that one of ordinaryskill in the art will be able to combine concepts from FIGS. 26A-26B and28 together to handle scenarios in which there are both horizontal andvertical cut lines.

FIGS. 29A-29B illustrate another scheme for handling the scenario inwhich the number of columns of the input channel 702 a is equal to m/2,in which m is the number of columns of convolutional engine 708. Thescheme involves combining the concept of a horizontal cut line throughthe input data (described in FIGS. 26A-26B) and the concept of avertical cut line through the convolver array (described in FIG. 28). Inthe FIGS. 26A-26B, the two horizontal stripes were processed one afteranother (i.e., serially). However, in the example of FIGS. 29A-29B, thehorizontal stripes 908 a and 908 b are processed in parallel, withhorizontal stripe 908 a processed in region 708 a, and horizontal stripe908 b processed in region 708 b. The same filters are populated inregions 708 a and 708 b, in contrast to the scheme of FIG. 28.

Since there are several overlapping rectangles in FIG. 29A, the schemeis conceptually redrawn in FIG. 29B, which more clearly shows the dataloaded into region 708 a and region 708 b. If not already apparent, itis noted that row 1 of horizontal stripe 908 a is identical to the datapadding row that precedes horizontal stripe 908 b, and the data paddingrow that follows horizontal stripe 908 a is identical to row n ofhorizontal stripe 908 b.

Similar to the scheme of FIGS. 28, the scheme of FIGS. 29A-29B also hasthe effect of doubling the throughput. At this point, since there aretwo possible schemes for handling the m/2 scenario, one might wonderwhich scheme is preferable. One consideration between the scheme of FIG.28 and the scheme of FIGS. 29A-29B is the number of filters versus thenumber of rows of the input channel. If there are many more filters thanthe number of rows of the input channel, then the scheme of FIG. 28might be preferred, whereas if there are many more rows of the inputchannel than the number of filters, then the scheme of FIGS. 29A-29Bmight be preferred. Intuitively, the former case would be analogous to along skinny column of filters, in which it would be advantageous to cutthe long skinny column of filters in half (place one half in region 708a and the other half in region 708 b), whereas the latter case would beanalogous to a long skinny column of input data, in which it would beadvantageous to cut the long skinny column of input data in half andprocess the two halves of input data in parallel.

Other considerations for favoring one scheme over the another might alsoinclude the number of filters relative to the number of rows ofconvolver units. If the number of filters were less than the number ofrows of convolver units, then the scheme of FIG. 29A-29B might bepreferred, whereas if the number of filters were more than the number ofrows of convolver units, then the scheme of FIG. 28 might be preferred.

FIG. 30 depicts convolutional engine 708 as one component of system3000, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. System 3000may include memory 3002, shift and format module 3004, convolutionalengine 708 and controller 3006.

Memory 3002 may be implemented using static random-access memory (SRAM),and may store input data 702, and the output of the convolutional engine708 (e.g., convolution output, max pool output, rectified output, etc.).

Shift and format module 3004 is an interface between memory 3002 andconvolutional engine 708 and is configured to shift and format the data.For instance, in the example of FIG. 29A, providing horizontal stripe908 b to region 708 b of the convolutional engine would be one taskperformed by shift and format module 3004. Achieving a stride of 1/2 (ora stride less than one) could also involve shift and format module 3004,in which the above -described interpolation could be performed by theshift and format module 3004.

In the embodiment of FIG. 30, convolutional engine 708 contains a moretypical number of data storage elements and convolver units. FIG. 30depicts a convolutional engine with a 64 by 256 array of convolver units806 and a 66 by 256 array of data storage elements configured as a 2-Dshift register. Similar to the previously-described embodiments, thefirst row of convolver units logically corresponds with the second rowof data storage elements, and the last row of convolver units logicallycorresponds with the second to last row of data storage elements.

Controller 3006 may be responsible for performing many of theabove-described control operations. For example, controller 3006 mayprovide the control signals that set convolver units to be active andnon-active (and hence, the above-described controller 2202 may be partof controller 3006). Controller 3006 may be responsible for providingcontrol signal s1 (described in FIGS. 21 and 24) for controlling theoutput of output selectors 2106 and 2406. Controller 3006 may beresponsible for providing control signal s2 (described in FIG. 24) forcontrolling whether a functional unit is programmed to output aconvolution output or a max pool output. Controller 3006 may logicallypartition an input channel into horizontal stripes, and/or verticalstripes (more appropriately called chunks when there are vertical andhorizontal cut lines) based on the dimensions of the input channelrelative to the dimensions of the convolver array. Controller 3006 maycontrol shift and format module 3004 to perform the necessary shift andformat operations. Controller 3006 may determine which weights are to beloaded to which convolutional units. Controller 3006 may determinewhether to override filter weights with zero values in order tologically partition the convolutional engine into multiple independentregions (as depicted in FIGS. 28, 29A and 29B). Controller 3006 may alsocontain the logic that determines, for the loading of a horizontalstripe into the convolutional engine, whether the horizontal stripe isto be preceded by a zero padding row or a data padding row, or whetherthe horizontal stripe is to be followed by a zero padding row or a datapadding row. These are merely some examples of the functions that may beperformed by controller 3006.

FIG. 31 depicts a block diagram of weight decompressor 3100 fordecompressing filter weights before the weights are provided to theconvolver units, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.Weight decompressor 3100 may utilize dictionary 3102 to decompressweights. In one embodiment, compressed weights are keys to a look-uptable (an embodiment of the dictionary), and the records correspondingto the keys in the look-up table are the decompressed weights. The 256convolver units may be logically and/or physically grouped into 16groups, each group including 16 convolver units. The decompressedweights may be provided to each of the 16 groups of convolver units.

Thus, an efficient convolutional engine has been described. In oneembodiment, the convolutional engine includes a two-dimensional shiftregister having a three by four array of data storage elements:

$\quad\begin{bmatrix}d_{1,1} & d_{1,2} & d_{1,3} & d_{1,4} \\d_{2,1} & d_{2,2} & d_{2,3} & d_{2,4} \\d_{3,1} & d_{3,2} & d_{3,3} & d_{3,4}\end{bmatrix}$wherein, at a first moment in time,

-   -   data storage element d_(1,1) stores data value x_(1,1),    -   data storage element d_(1,2) stores data value x_(1,2),    -   data storage element d_(1,3) stores data value x_(1,3),    -   data storage element d_(1,4) stores data value x_(1,4),    -   data storage element d_(2,1) stores data value x_(2,1),    -   data storage element d_(2,2) stores data value x_(2,2),    -   data storage element d_(2,3) stores data value x_(2,3),    -   data storage element d_(2,4) stores data value x_(2,4),    -   data storage element d_(3,1) stores data value x_(3,1),    -   data storage element d_(3,2) stores data value x_(3,2),    -   data storage element d_(3,3) stores data value x_(3,3), and    -   data storage element d_(3,4) stores data value x_(3,4).        The convolutional engine further includes a first convolver unit        having a first plurality of multipliers, m_(1,1) ¹, m_(1,2) ¹,        m_(1,3) ¹, m_(2,1) ¹, m_(2,2) ¹, m_(2,3) ¹, m_(3,1) ¹, m_(3,2)        ¹, and m_(3,3) ¹, wherein:    -   multiplier m_(1,1) ¹ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(1,1), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(1,1) with weight w₁ so as to generate a product w₁x_(1,1),    -   multiplier m_(1,2) ¹ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(1,2), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(1,2) with weight w₂ so as to generate a product w₂x_(1,2),    -   multiplier m_(1,3) ¹ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(1,3), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(1,3) with weight w₃ so as to generate a product w₃x_(1,3),    -   multiplier m_(2,1) ¹ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(2,1), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(2,1) with weight w₄ so as to generate a product w₄x_(2,1),    -   multiplier m_(2,2) ¹ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(2,2), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(2,2) with weight w₅ so as to generate a product w₅x_(2,2),    -   multiplier m_(2,3) ¹ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(2,3), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(2,3) with weight w₆ so as to generate a product w₆x_(2,3),    -   multiplier m_(3,1) ¹ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(3,1), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(3,1) with weight w₇ so as to generate a product w₇x_(3,1),    -   multiplier m_(3,2) ¹ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(3,2), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(3,2) with weight w₈ so as to generate a product w₈x_(3,2),        and    -   multiplier m_(3,3) ¹ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(3,3), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(3,3) with weight w₉ so as to generate a product w₉x_(3,3).        The convolutional engine further includes a second convolver        unit comprising a second plurality of multipliers, m_(1,1) ²,        m_(1,2) ², m_(1,3) ², m_(2,1) ², m_(2,2) ², m_(2,3) ², m_(3,1)        ², m_(3,2) ², and m_(3,3) ², wherein:    -   multiplier m_(1,1) ² is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(1,2), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(1,2) with weight w₁ so as to generate a product w₁x_(1,2),    -   multiplier m_(1,2) ² is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(1,3), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(1,3) with weight w₂ so as to generate a product w₂x_(1,3),    -   multiplier m_(1,3) ² is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(1,4), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(1,4) with weight w₃ so as to generate a product w₃x_(1,4),    -   multiplier m_(2,1) ² is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(2,2), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(2,2) with weight w₄ so as to generate a product w₄x_(2,2),    -   multiplier m_(2,2) ² is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(2,3), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(2,3) with weight w₅ so as to generate a product w₅x_(2,3),    -   multiplier m_(2,3) ² is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(2,4), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(2,4) with weight w₆ so as to generate a product w₆x_(2,4),    -   multiplier m_(3,1) ² is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(3,2), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(3,2) with weight w₇ so as to generate a product w₇x_(3,2),    -   multiplier m_(3,2) ² is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(3,3), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(3,3) with weight w₈ so as to generate a product w₈x_(3,3),        and    -   multiplier m_(3,3) ² is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(3,4), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(3,4) with weight w₉ so as to generate a product w₉x_(3,4).

In various embodiments, the first convolver unit may be configured togenerate a sum of terms, the terms including at least the productw₁x_(1,1), the product w₂x_(1,2), the product w₃x_(1,3), the productw₄x_(2,1), the product w₅x_(2,2), the product w₆x_(2,3), the productw₇x_(3,1), the product w₈x_(3,2), the product w₉x_(3,3) and b₁, whereinb₁ is a bias value. Further, the second convolver unit may be configuredto compute a sum of terms, the terms including at least the productw₁x_(1,2), the product w₂x_(1,3), the product w₃x_(1,4), the productw₄x_(2,2), the product w₅x_(2,3), the product w₆x_(2,4), the productw₇x_(3,2), the product w₈x_(3,3), the product w₉x_(3,4) and b₁, whereinb₁ is a bias value.

In some instances:

data storage element d_(1,1) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(2,1),

data storage element d_(2,1) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(3,1),

data storage element d_(1,2) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(2,2),

data storage element d_(2,2) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(3,2),

data storage element d_(1,3) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(2,3),

data storage element d_(2,3) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(3,3),

data storage element d_(1,4) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(2,4), and

data storage element d_(2,4) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(3,4).

Further embodiments of the invention provide an apparatus, that includesa two -dimensional shift register having a four by four array of datastorage elements:

$\quad\begin{bmatrix}d_{1,1} & d_{1,2} & d_{1,3} & d_{1,4} \\d_{2,1} & d_{2,2} & d_{2,3} & d_{2,4} \\d_{3,1} & d_{3,2} & d_{3,3} & d_{3,4} \\d_{4,1} & d_{4,2} & d_{4,3} & d_{4,4}\end{bmatrix}$wherein, at a first moment in time,

-   -   data storage element d_(1,1) stores data value x_(1,1),    -   data storage element d_(1,2) stores data value x_(1,2),    -   data storage element d_(1,3) stores data value x_(1,3),    -   data storage element d_(1,4) stores data value x_(1,4),    -   data storage element d_(2,1) stores data value x_(2,1),    -   data storage element d_(2,2) stores data value x_(2,2),    -   data storage element d_(2,3) stores data value x_(2,3),    -   data storage element d_(2,4) stores data value x_(2,4),    -   data storage element d_(3,1) stores data value x_(3,1),    -   data storage element d_(3,2) stores data value x_(3,2),    -   data storage element d_(3,3) stores data value x_(3,3),    -   data storage element d_(3,4) stores data value x_(3,4),    -   data storage element d_(4,1) stores data value x_(4,1),    -   data storage element d_(4,2) stores data value x_(4,2),    -   data storage element d_(4,3) stores data value x_(4,3), and    -   data storage element d_(4,4) stores data value X_(4,4).        The apparatus also includes a first convolver unit comprising a        first plurality of multipliers, m_(1,1) ¹, m_(1,2) ¹, m_(1,3) ¹,        m_(2,1) ¹, m_(2,2) ¹, m_(2,3) ¹, m_(3,1) ¹, m_(3,2) ¹, and        m_(3,3) ¹, wherein:    -   multiplier m_(1,1) ¹ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(1,1), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(1,1) with weight w₁ so as to generate a product w₁x_(1,1),    -   multiplier m_(1,2) ¹ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(1,2), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(1,2) with weight w₂ so as to generate a product w₂x_(1,2),    -   multiplier m_(1,3) ¹ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(1,3), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(1,3) with weight w₃ so as to generate a product w₃x_(1,3),    -   multiplier m_(2,1) ¹ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(2,1), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(2,1) with weight w₄ so as to generate a product w₄x_(2,1),    -   multiplier m_(2,2) ¹ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(2,2), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(2,2) with weight w₅ so as to generate a product w₅x_(2,2),    -   multiplier m_(2,3) ¹ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(2,3), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(2,3) with weight w₆ so as to generate a product w₆x_(2,3),    -   multiplier m_(3,1) ¹ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(3,1), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(3,1) with weight w₇ so as to generate a product w₇x_(3,1),    -   multiplier m_(3,2) ¹ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(3,2), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(3,2) with weight w₈ so as to generate a product w₈x_(3,2),        and    -   multiplier m_(3,3) ¹ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(3,3), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(3,3) with weight w₉ so as to generate a product w₉x_(3,3).        The apparatus also includes a second convolver unit comprising a        second plurality of multipliers, m_(1,1) ², m_(1,2) ², m_(1,3)        ², m_(2,1) ², m_(2,2) ², m_(2,3) ², m_(3,1) ², m_(3,2) ², and        m_(3,3) ², wherein:    -   multiplier m_(1,1) ² is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(1,2), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(1,2) with weight w₁ so as to generate a product w₁x_(1,2),    -   multiplier m_(1,2) ² is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(1,3), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(1,3) with weight w₂ so as to generate a product w₂x_(1,3),    -   multiplier m_(1,3) ² is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(1,4), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(1,4) with weight w₃ so as to generate a product w₃x_(1,4),    -   multiplier m_(2,1) ² is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(2,2), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(2,2) with weight w₄ so as to generate a product w₄x_(2,2),    -   multiplier m_(2,2) ² is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(2,3), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(2,3) with weight w₅ so as to generate a product w₅x_(2,3),    -   multiplier m_(2,3) ² is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(2,4), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(2,4) with weight w₆ so as to generate a product w₆x_(2,4),    -   multiplier m_(3,1) ² is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(3,2), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(3,2) with weight w₇ so as to generate a product w₇x_(3,2),    -   multiplier m_(3,2) ² is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(3,3), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(3,3) with weight w₈ so as to generate a product w₈x_(3,3),        and    -   multiplier m_(3,3) ² is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(3,4), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(3,4) with weight w₉ so as to generate a product w₉x_(3,4),        a third convolver unit comprising a third plurality of        multipliers, m_(1,1) ³, m_(1,2) ³, m_(1,3) ³, m_(2,1) ³, m_(2,2)        ³, m_(2,3) ³, m_(3,1) ³, m_(3,2) ³, and m_(3,3) ³, wherein:    -   multiplier m_(1,1) ³ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(2,1), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(2,1) with weight w₁₀ so as to generate a product w₁₀x_(2,1),    -   multiplier m_(1,2) ³ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(2,2), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(2,2) with weight w₁₁ so as to generate a product w₁₁x_(2,2),    -   multiplier m_(1,3) ³ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(2,3), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(2,3) with weight w₁₂ so as to generate a product w₁₂x_(2,3),    -   multiplier m_(2,1) ³ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(3,1), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(3,1) with weight w₁₃ so as to generate a product w₁₃x_(3,1),    -   multiplier m_(2,2) ³ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(3,2), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(3,2) with weight w₁₄ so as to generate a product w₁₄x_(3,2),    -   multiplier m_(2,3) ³ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(3,3), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(3,3) with weight w₁₅ so as to generate a product w₁₅x_(3,3),    -   multiplier m_(3,1) ³ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(4,1), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(4,1) with weight w₁₆ so as to generate a product w₁₆x_(4,1),    -   multiplier m_(3,2) ³ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(4,2), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(4,2) with weight w₁₇ so as to generate a product w₁₇x_(4,2),        and    -   multiplier m_(3,3) ³ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(4,3), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(4,3) with weight w₁₈ so as to generate a product w₁₈x_(4,3),        And the apparatus includes a fourth convolver unit comprising a        fourth plurality of multipliers, m_(1,1) ⁴, m_(1,2) ⁴, m_(1,3)        ⁴, m_(2,1) ⁴, m_(2,2) ⁴, m_(2,3) ⁴, m_(3,1) ⁴, m_(3,2) ⁴, and        m_(3,3) ⁴, wherein:    -   multiplier m_(1,1) ⁴ electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(2,2), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(2,2) with weight w₁₀ so as to generate a product w₁₀x_(2,2),    -   multiplier m_(1,2) ⁴ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(2,3), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(2,3) with weight w₁₁ so as to generate a product w₁₁x_(2,3),    -   multiplier m_(1,3) ⁴ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(2,4), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(2,4) with weight w₁₂ so as to generate a product w₁₂x_(2,4),    -   multiplier m_(2,1) ⁴ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(3,2), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(3,2) with weight w₁₃ so as to generate a product w₁₃x_(3,2),    -   multiplier m_(2,2) ⁴ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(3,3), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(3,3) with weight w₁₄ so as to generate a product w₁₄x_(3,3),    -   multiplier m_(2,3) ⁴ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(3,4), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(3,4) with weight w₁₅ so as to generate a product w₁₅x_(3,4),    -   multiplier m_(3,1) ⁴ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(4,2), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(4,2) with weight w₁₆ so as to generate a product w₁₆x_(4,2),    -   multiplier m_(3,2) ⁴ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(4,3), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(4,3) with weight w₁₇ so as to generate a product w₁₇x_(4,3),        and    -   multiplier m_(3,3) ⁴ is electrically coupled to data storage        element d_(4,4), and is configured to multiply data value        x_(4,4) with weight w₁₈ so as to generate a product w₁₈x_(4,4).

In some embodiments, the first convolver unit of this apparatus may beconfigured to generate a sum of terms, the terms including at least theproduct w₁x_(1,1), the product w₂x_(1,2), the product w₃x_(1,3), theproduct w₄x_(2,1), the product w₅x_(2,2), the product w₆x_(2,3), theproduct w₇x_(3,1), the product w₈x_(3,2), the product w₉x_(3,3) and b₁,wherein b₁ is a bias value. Also, the second convolver unit may beconfigured to compute a sum of terms, the terms including at least theproduct w₁x_(1,2), the product w₂x_(1,3), the product w₃x_(1,4), theproduct w₄x_(2,2), the product w₅x_(2,3), the product w₆x_(2,4), theproduct w₇x_(3,2), the product w₈X_(3,3), the product w₉x_(3,4) and b₁,wherein b₁ is a bias value.

In still further embodiments, the third convolver unit may be configuredto generate a sum of terms, the terms including at least the productw₁₀x_(2,1), the product w₁₁x_(2,2), the product w₁₂x_(2,3), the productw₁₃x_(3,1), the product w₁₄x_(3,2), the product w₁₅x_(3,3), the productw₁₆x_(4,1), the product w₁₇x_(4,2), the product w₁₈x_(4,3) and b₂,wherein b₂ is a bias value. Also, the fourth convolver unit may beconfigured to compute a sum of terms, the terms including at least theproduct w₁₀x_(2,2), the product w₁₁x_(2,3), the product w₁₂x_(2,4), theproduct w₁₃x_(3,2), the product w₁₄x_(3,3), the product w₁₅x_(3,4), theproduct w₁₆x_(4,2), the product w₁₇x_(4,3), the product w₁₈X_(4,4) andb₂, wherein b₂ is a bias value.

In various embodiments:

-   -   data storage element d_(1,1) is electrically coupled to data        storage element d_(2,1),    -   data storage element d_(2,1) is electrically coupled to data        storage element d_(3,1),    -   data storage element d_(3,1) is electrically coupled to data        storage element d_(4,1),    -   data storage element d_(1,2) is electrically coupled to data        storage element d_(2,2),    -   data storage element d_(2,2) is electrically coupled to data        storage element d_(3,2),    -   data storage element d_(3,2) is electrically coupled to data        storage element d_(4,2),    -   data storage element d_(1,3) is electrically coupled to data        storage element d_(2,3),    -   data storage element d_(2,3) is electrically coupled to data        storage element d_(3,3),    -   data storage element d_(3,3) is electrically coupled to data        storage element d_(4,3),    -   data storage element d_(1,4) is electrically coupled to data        storage element d_(2,4),    -   data storage element d_(2,4) is electrically coupled to data        storage element d_(3,4), and    -   data storage element d_(3,4) is electrically coupled to data        storage element d_(4,4).

Still another embodiment of the invention provides an apparatus thatincludes a two-dimensional synchronous shift register comprising a p byq array of data storage elements:

$\quad\begin{bmatrix}d_{1,1} & \ldots & d_{1,q} \\\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\d_{p,q} & \ldots & d_{p,q}\end{bmatrix}$wherein a first row of data storage elements d_(1,1), . . . , d_(1,q)receives q data values on each clock cycle and each row of data storageelements d_(k,1), . . . , d_(k,q) receives q data values from a previousrow of data storage elements d_(k−1,1), . . . , d_(k−1,q) on each clockcycle, for 1<k≤p; and a convolver array configured to process the datavalues stored in the two-dimensional synchronous shift register, whereinthe convolver array comprises a p−2 by q array of convolver units,wherein for convolver units CU_(i,j), 1≤i≤p−2 and 2≤j≤q−1:

(i) a first input of CU_(i,j) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(i,j−1),

(ii) a second input of CU_(i,j) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(i+1,j−1),

(iii) a third input of CU_(i,j) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(i+2,j−1),

(iv) a fourth input of CU_(i,j) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(i,j),

(v) a fifth input of CU_(i,j) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(i+1,j),

(vi) a sixth input of CU_(i,j) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(i+2,j),

(vii) a seventh input of CU_(i,j) is electrically coupled to datastorage element d_(i,j+1),

(viii) an eighth input of CU_(i,j) is electrically coupled to datastorage element d_(i+1,j+1), and

(ix) a ninth input of CU_(i,j) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(i+2,j+1),

In some embodiments, for convolver units CU_(i,1), 1≤i≤p−2,

(i) at least one of a first input of CU_(i,1) or a weight associatedwith the first input is set to logical zero,

(ii) at least one of a second input of CU_(i,1) or a weight associatedwith the second input is set to logical zero,

(iii) at least one of a third input of CU_(i,1) or a weight associatedwith the third input is set to logical zero,

(iv) a fourth input of CU_(i,1) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(i,1),

(v) a fifth input of CU_(i,1) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(i+1,1),

(vi) a sixth input of CU_(i,1) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(i+2,1),

(vii) a seventh input of CU_(i,1) is electrically coupled to datastorage element d_(i,2),

(viii) an eighth input of CU_(i,1) is electrically coupled to datastorage element d_(i+1,2), and

(ix) a ninth input of CU_(i,1) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(i+2,2).

Further, in some embodiments, for convolver units CU_(i,q), 1≤i≤p−2,

(i) a first input of CU_(i,q) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(i,q−1),

(ii) a second input of CU_(i,q) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(i+1,q−1),

(iii) a third input of CU_(i,q) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(i+2,q−1),

(iv) a fourth input of CU_(i,q) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(i,q),

(v) a fifth input of CU_(i,q) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(i+1,q),

(vi) a sixth input of CU_(i,q) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(i+2,q),

(vii) at least one of a seventh input of CU_(i,q) or a weight associatedwith the seventh input is set to logical zero,

(viii) at least one of an eighth input of CU_(i,q) or a weightassociated with the eighth input is set to logical zero, and

(ix) at least one of a ninth input of CU_(i,q) or a weight associatedwith the ninth input is set to logical zero.

It is to be understood that the above-description is intended to beillustrative, and not restrictive. Many other embodiments will beapparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the abovedescription. The scope of the invention should, therefore, be determinedwith reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope ofequivalents to which such claims are entitled.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus, comprising: a two-dimensionalsynchronous shift register comprising a three by four array of datastorage elements: $\quad\begin{bmatrix}d_{1,1} & d_{1,2} & d_{1,3} & d_{1,4} \\d_{2,1} & d_{2,2} & d_{2,3} & d_{2,4} \\d_{3,1} & d_{3,2} & d_{3,3} & d_{3,4}\end{bmatrix}$ wherein: data storage element d_(1,1) stores data valued_(2,1), data storage element d_(2,1) stores data value d_(3,1), datastorage element d_(1,2) stores data value d_(2,2), data storage elementd_(2,2) stores data value d_(3,2), data storage element d_(1,3) storesdata value d_(2,3), data storage element d_(2,3) stores data valued_(3,3), data storage element d_(1,4) stores data value d_(2,4), anddata storage element d_(2,4) stores data value d_(3,4), a firstconvolver unit comprising a first plurality of multipliers, m_(1,1) ¹,m_(1,2) ¹, m_(1,3) ¹, m_(2,1) ¹, m_(2,2) ¹, m_(2,3) ¹, m_(3,1) ¹,m_(3,2) ¹, and m_(3,3) ¹, wherein: multiplier m_(1,1) ¹ is electricallycoupled in a permanent manner to data storage element d_(1,1),multiplier m_(1,2) ¹ is electrically coupled in a permanent manner todata storage element d_(1,2), multiplier m_(1,3) ¹ is electricallycoupled in a permanent manner to data storage element d_(1,3),multiplier m_(2,1) ¹ is electrically coupled in a permanent manner todata storage element d_(2,1), multiplier m_(2,2) ¹ is electricallycoupled in a permanent manner to data storage element d_(2,2),multiplier m_(2,3) ¹ is electrically coupled in a permanent manner todata storage element d_(2,3), multiplier m_(3,1) ¹ is electricallycoupled in a permanent manner to data storage element d_(3,1),multiplier m_(3,2) ¹ is electrically coupled in a permanent manner todata storage element d_(3,2), and multiplier m_(3,3) ¹ is electricallycoupled in a permanent manner to data storage element d_(3,3); and asecond convolver unit comprising a second plurality of multipliers,m_(1,1) ², m_(1,2) ², m_(1,3) ², m_(2,1) ², m_(2,2) ², m_(2,3) ²,m_(3,1) ², m_(3,2) ², and m_(3,3) ², wherein: multiplier m_(1,1) ² iselectrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storage elementd_(1,2), multiplier m_(1,2) ² is electrically coupled in a permanentmanner to data storage element d_(1,3), multiplier m_(1,3) ² iselectrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storage elementd_(1,4), multiplier m_(2,1) ² is electrically coupled in a permanentmanner to data storage element d_(2,2), multiplier m_(2,2) ² iselectrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storage elementd_(2,3), multiplier m_(2,3) ² is electrically coupled in a permanentmanner to data storage element d_(2,4), multiplier m_(3,1) ² iselectrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storage elementd_(3,2), multiplier m_(3,2) ² is electrically coupled in a permanentmanner to data storage element d_(3,3), and multiplier m_(3,3) ² iselectrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storage elementd_(3,4), wherein, at a start of a first clock cycle: data storageelement d_(1,1) is configured to store data value x_(1,1), data storageelement d_(1,2) is configured to store data value x_(1,2), data storageelement d_(1,3) is configured to store data value x_(1,3), data storageelement d_(1,4) is configured to store data value x_(1,4), data storageelement d_(2,1) is configured to store data value x_(2,1), data storageelement d_(2,2) is configured to store data value x_(2,2), data storageelement d_(2,3) is configured to store data value x_(2,3), data storageelement d_(2,4) is configured to store data value x_(2,4), data storageelement d_(3,1) is configured to store data value x_(3,1), data storageelement d_(3,2) is configured to store data value x_(3,2), data storageelement d_(3,3) is configured to store data value x_(3,3), and datastorage element d_(3,4) is configured to store data value x_(3,4),wherein, during the first clock cycle: multiplier m_(1,1) ¹ isconfigured to multiply data value x_(1,1) with weight w₁ so as togenerate a product w₁x_(1,1), multiplier m_(1,2) ¹ is configured tomultiply data value x_(1,2) with weight w₂ so as to generate a productw₂x_(1,2), multiplier m_(1,3) ¹ is configured to multiply data valuex_(1,3) with weight w₃ so as to generate a product w₃x_(1,3), multiplierm_(2,1) ¹ is configured to multiply data value x_(2,1) with weight w₄ soas to generate a product w₄x_(2,1), multiplier m_(2,2) ¹ is configuredto multiply data value x_(2,2) with weight w₅ so as to generate aproduct w₅x_(2,2), multiplier m_(2,3) ¹ is configured to multiply datavalue x_(2,3) with weight w₆ so as to generate a product w₆x_(2,3),multiplier m_(3,1) ¹ is configured to multiply data value x_(3,1) withweight w₇ so as to generate a product w₇x_(3,1), multiplier m_(3,2) ¹ isconfigured to multiply data value x_(3,2) with weight w₈ so as togenerate a product w₈x_(3,2), multiplier m_(3,3) ¹ is configured tomultiply data value x_(3,3) with weight w₉ so as to generate a productw₉x_(3,3); multiplier m_(1,1) ² is configured to multiply data valuex_(1,2) with weight w₁ so as to generate a product w₁x_(1,2), multiplierm_(1,2) ² is configured to multiply data value x_(1,3) with weight w₂ soas to generate-a product w₂x_(1,3), multiplier m_(1,3) ² is configuredto multiply data value x_(1,4) with weight w₃ so as to generate aproduct w₃x_(1,4), multiplier m_(2,1) ² is configured to multiply datavalue x_(2,2) with weight w₄ so as to generate a product w₄x_(2,2),multiplier m_(2,2) ² is configured to multiply data value x_(2,3) withweight w₅ so as to generate a product w₅x_(2,3), multiplier m_(2,3) ² isconfigured to multiply data value x_(2,4) with weight w₆ so as togenerate a product w₆x_(2,4), multiplier m_(3,1) ² is configured tomultiply data value x_(3,2) with weight w₇ so as to generate a productw₇x_(3,2), multiplier m_(3,2) ² is configured to multiply data valuex_(3,3) with weight w₈ so as to generate a product w₈x_(3,3), andmultiplier m_(3,3) ² is configured to multiply data value x_(3,4) withweight w₉ so as to generate a product w₉x_(3,4), wherein, prior to asecond clock cycle that follows the first clock cycle: the firstconvolver unit is configured to generate a first sum of terms includingat least the product w₁x_(1,1), the product w₂x_(1,2), the productw₃x_(1,3), the product w₄x_(2,1), the product w₅x_(2,2), the productw₆x_(2,3), the product w₇x_(3,1), the product w₈x_(3,2), and the productw₉x_(3,3), and the second convolver unit is configured to generate asecond sum of terms including at least the product w₁x_(1,2), theproduct w₂x_(1,3), the product w₃x_(1,4), the product w₄x_(2,2), theproduct w₅x_(2,3), the product w₆x_(2,4), the product w₇x_(3,2), theproduct w₈x_(3,3), and the product w₉x_(3,4), and wherein, at abeginning of the second clock cycle that follows the first clock cycle:a first accumulator is configured to store the first sum of terms, and asecond accumulator is configured to store the second sum of terms. 2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first sum of terms additionallyincludes b₁, wherein b₁ is a bias value.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the second sum of terms additionally includes b₁, wherein b₁ isa bias value.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a thirdconvolver unit comprising a third plurality of multipliers, m_(1,1) ³,m_(1,2) ³, m_(1,3) ³, m_(2,1) ³, m_(2,2) ³, m_(2,3) ³, m_(3,1) ³,m_(3,2) ³, and m_(3,3) ³, wherein: multiplier m_(1,1) ³ is electricallycoupled in a permanent manner to data storage element d_(1,1),multiplier m_(1,2) ³ is electrically coupled in a permanent manner todata storage element d_(1,2), multiplier m_(1,3) ³ is electricallycoupled in a permanent manner to data storage element d_(1,3),multiplier m_(2,1) ³ is electrically coupled in a permanent manner todata storage element d_(2,1), multiplier m_(2,2) ³ is electricallycoupled in a permanent manner to data storage element d_(2,2),multiplier m_(2,3) ³ is electrically coupled in a permanent manner todata storage element d_(2,3), multiplier m_(3,1) ³ is electricallycoupled in a permanent manner to data storage element d_(3,1),multiplier m_(3,2) ³ is electrically coupled in a permanent manner todata storage element d_(3,2), and multiplier m_(3,3) ³ is electricallycoupled in a permanent manner to data storage element d_(3,3), a fourthconvolver unit comprising a fourth plurality of multipliers, m_(1,1) ⁴,m_(1,2) ⁴, m_(1,3) ⁴, m_(2,1) ⁴, m_(2,2) ⁴, m_(2,3) ⁴, m_(3,1) ⁴,m_(3,2) ⁴, and m_(3,3) ⁴, wherein: multiplier m_(1,1) ⁴ is electricallycoupled in a permanent manner to data storage element d_(1,2),multiplier m_(1,2) ⁴ is electrically coupled in a permanent manner todata storage element d_(1,3), multiplier m_(1,3) ⁴ is electricallycoupled in a permanent manner to data storage element d_(1,4),multiplier m_(2,1) ⁴ is electrically coupled in a permanent manner todata storage element d_(2,2), multiplier m_(2,2) ⁴ is electricallycoupled in a permanent manner to data storage element d_(2,3),multiplier m_(2,3) ⁴ is electrically coupled in a permanent manner todata storage element d_(2,4), multiplier m_(3,1) ⁴ is electricallycoupled in a permanent manner to data storage element d_(3,2),multiplier m_(3,2) ⁴ is electrically coupled in a permanent manner todata storage element d_(3,3), and multiplier m_(3,3) ⁴ is electricallycoupled in a permanent manner to data storage element d_(3,4).
 5. Anapparatus, comprising: a two-dimensional synchronous shift registercomprising a four by four array of data storage elements,$\quad\begin{bmatrix}d_{1,1} & d_{1,2} & d_{1,3} & d_{1,4} \\d_{2,1} & d_{2,2} & d_{2,3} & d_{2,4} \\d_{3,1} & d_{3,2} & d_{3,3} & d_{3,4} \\d_{4,1} & d_{4,2} & d_{4,3} & d_{4,4}\end{bmatrix}$ wherein: data storage element d_(1,1) is electricallycoupled to data storage element d_(2,1), data storage element d_(2,1) iselectrically coupled to data storage element d_(3,1), data storageelement d_(2,1) is electrically coupled to data storage element d_(4,1),data storage element d_(1,2) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(2,2), data storage element d_(2,2) is electrically coupled todata storage element d_(3,2), data storage element d_(3,2) iselectrically coupled to data storage element d_(4,2), data storageelement d_(1,3) is electrically coupled to data storage element d_(2,3),data storage element d_(2,3) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(3,3), data storage element d_(3,3) is electrically coupled todata storage element d_(4,3), data storage element d_(1,4) iselectrically coupled to data storage element d_(2,4), data storageelement d_(2,4) is electrically coupled to data storage element d_(3,4),and data storage element d_(3,4) is electrically coupled to data storageelement d_(4,4), a first convolver unit comprising a first plurality ofmultipliers, a first convolver unit comprising a first plurality ofmultipliers, m_(1,1) ¹, m_(1,2) ¹, m_(1,3) ¹, m_(2,1) ¹, m_(2,2) ¹,m_(2,3) ¹, m_(3,1) ¹, m_(3,2) ¹, and m_(3,3) ¹, wherein: multiplierm_(1,1) ¹ is electrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storageelement d_(1,1), multiplier m_(1,2) ¹ is electrically coupled in apermanent manner to data storage element d_(1,2), multiplier m_(1,3) ¹is electrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storage elementd_(1,3), multiplier m_(2,1) ¹ is electrically coupled in a permanentmanner to data storage element d_(2,1), multiplier m_(2,2) ¹ iselectrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storage elementd_(2,2), multiplier m_(2,3) ¹ is electrically coupled in a permanentmanner to data storage element d_(2,3), multiplier m_(3,1) ¹ iselectrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storage elementd_(3,1), multiplier m_(3,2) ¹ is electrically coupled in a permanentmanner to data storage element d_(3,2), and multiplier m_(3,3) ¹ iselectrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storage elementd_(3,3); a second convolver unit comprising a second plurality ofmultipliers, m_(1,1) ², m_(1,2) ², m_(1,3) ², m_(2,1) ², m_(2,2) ²,m_(2,3) ², m_(3,1) ², m_(3,2) ², and m_(3,3) ², wherein: multiplierm_(1,1) ² is electrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storageelement d_(1,2), multiplier m_(1,2) ² is electrically coupled in apermanent manner to data storage element d_(1,3), multiplier m_(1,3) ²is electrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storage elementd_(1,4), multiplier m_(2,1) ² is electrically coupled in a permanentmanner to data storage element d_(2,2), multiplier m_(2,2) ² iselectrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storage elementd_(2,3), multiplier m_(2,3) ² is electrically coupled in a permanentmanner to data storage element d_(2,4), multiplier m_(3,1) ² iselectrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storage elementd_(3,2), multiplier m_(3,2) ² is electrically coupled in a permanentmanner to data storage element d_(3,3), and multiplier m_(3,3) ² iselectrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storage elementd_(3,4), a third convolver unit comprising a third plurality ofmultipliers, m_(1,1) ³, m_(1,2) ³, m_(1,3) ³, m_(2,1) ³, m_(2,2) ³,m_(2,3) ³, m_(3,1) ³, m_(3,2) ³, and m_(3,3) ³, wherein: multiplierm_(1,1) ³ is electrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storageelement d_(2,1), multiplier m_(1,2) ³ is electrically coupled in apermanent manner to data storage element d_(2,2), multiplier m_(1,3) ³is electrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storage elementd_(2,3), multiplier m_(2,1) ³ is electrically coupled in a permanentmanner to data storage element d_(3,1), multiplier m_(2,2) ³ iselectrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storage elementd_(3,2), multiplier m_(2,3) ³ is electrically coupled in a permanentmanner to data storage element d_(3,3), multiplier m_(3,1) ³ iselectrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storage elementd_(4,1), multiplier m_(3,2) ³ is electrically coupled in a permanentmanner to data storage element d_(4,2), and multiplier m_(3,3) ³ iselectrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storage elementd_(4,3); and a fourth convolver unit comprising a fourth plurality ofmultipliers, m_(1,1) ⁴, m_(1,2) ⁴, m_(1,3) ⁴, m_(2,1) ⁴, m_(2,2) ⁴,m_(2,3) ⁴, m_(3,1) ⁴, m_(3,2) ⁴, and m_(3,3) ⁴, wherein: multiplierm_(1,1) ⁴ is electrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storageelement d_(2,2), multiplier m_(1,2) ⁴ is electrically coupled in apermanent manner to data storage element d_(2,3), multiplier m_(1,3) ⁴is electrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storage elementd_(2,4), multiplier m_(2,1) ⁴ is electrically coupled in a permanentmanner to data storage element d_(3,2), multiplier m_(2,2) ⁴ iselectrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storage elementd_(3,3), multiplier m_(2,3) ⁴ is electrically coupled in a permanentmanner to data storage element d_(3,4), multiplier m_(3,1) ⁴ iselectrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storage elementd_(4,2), multiplier m_(3,2) ⁴ is electrically coupled in a permanentmanner to data storage element d_(4,3), and multiplier m_(3,3) ⁴ iselectrically coupled in a permanent manner to data storage elementd_(4,4), wherein, at a beginning of a first clock cycle, data storageelement d_(1,1) is configured to store data value x_(1,1), data storageelement d_(1,2) is configured to store data value x_(1,2), data storageelement d_(1,3) is configured to store data value x_(1,3), data storageelement d_(1,4) is configured to store data value x_(1,4), data storageelement d_(2,1) is configured to store data value x_(2,1), data storageelement d_(2,2) is configured to store data value x_(2,2), data storageelement d_(2,3) is configured to store data value x_(2,3), data storageelement d_(2,4) is configured to store data value x_(2,4), data storageelement d_(3,1) is configured to store data value x_(3,1), data storageelement d_(3,2) is configured to store data value x_(3,2), data storageelement d_(3,3) is configured to store data value x_(3,3), data storageelement d_(3,4) is configured to store data value x_(3,4), data storageelement d_(4,1) is configured to store data value x_(4,1), data storageelement d_(4,2) is configured to store data value x_(4,2), data storageelement d_(4,3) is configured to store data value x_(4,3), and datastorage element d_(4,4) is configured to store data value x_(4,4),wherein, during the first clock cycle: multiplier m_(1,1) ¹ isconfigured to multiply data value x_(1,1) with weight w₁ so as togenerate a product w₁x_(1,1), multiplier m_(1,2) ¹ is configured tomultiply data value x_(1,2) with weight w₂ so as to generate a productw₂x_(1,2), multiplier m_(1,3) ¹ is configured to multiply data valuex_(1,3) with weight w₃ so as to generate a product w₃x_(1,3), multiplierm_(2,1) ¹ is configured to multiply data value x_(2,1) with weight w₄ soas to generate a product w₄x_(2,1), multiplier m_(2,2) ¹ is configuredto multiply data value x_(2,2) with weight w₅ so as to generate aproduct w₅x_(2,2), multiplier m_(2,3) ¹ is configured to multiply datavalue x_(2,3) with weight w₆ so as to generate a product w₆x_(2,3),multiplier m_(3,1) ¹ is configured to multiply data value x_(3,1) withweight w₇ so as to generate a product w₇x_(3,1), multiplier m_(3,2) ¹ isconfigured to multiply data value x_(3,2) with weight w₈ so as togenerate a product w₈x_(3,2), multiplier m_(3,3) ¹ is configured tomultiply data value x_(3,3) with weight w₉ so as to generate a productw₉x_(3,3), multiplier m_(1,1) ² is configured to multiply data valuex_(1,2) with weight w₁ so as to generate a product w₁x_(1,2), multiplierm_(1,2) ² is configured to multiply data value x_(1,3) with weight w₂ soas to generate a product w₂x_(1,3), multiplier m_(1,3) ² is configuredto multiply data value x_(1,4) with weight w₃ so as to generate aproduct w₃x_(1,4), multiplier m_(2,1) ² is configured to multiply datavalue x_(2,2) with weight w₄ so as to generate a product w₄x_(2,2),multiplier m_(2,2) ² is configured to multiply data value x_(2,3) withweight w₅ so as to generate a product w₅x_(2,3), multiplier m_(2,3) ² isconfigured to multiply data value x_(2,4) with weight w₆ so as togenerate a product w₆x_(2,4), multiplier m_(3,1) ² is configured tomultiply data value x_(3,2) with weight w₇ so as to generate a productw₇x_(3,2), multiplier m_(3,2) ² is configured to multiply data valuex_(3,3) with weight w₈ so as to generate a product w₈x_(3,3), multiplierm_(3,3) ² is configured to multiply data value x_(3,4) with weight w₉ soas to generate a product w₉x_(3,4), multiplier m_(1,1) ³ is configuredto multiply data value x_(2,1) with weight w₁₀ so as to generate aproduct w₁₀x_(2,1), multiplier m_(1,2) ³ is configured to multiply datavalue x_(2,2) with weight w₁₁ so as to generate a product w₁₁x_(2,2),multiplier m_(1,3) ³ is configured to multiply data value x_(2,3) withweight w₁₂ so as to generate a product w₁₂x_(2,3), multiplier m_(2,1) ³is configured to multiply data value x_(3,1) with weight w₁₃ so as togenerate a product w₁₃x_(3,1), multiplier m_(2,2) ³ is configured tomultiply data value x_(3,2) with weight w₁₄ so as to generate a productw₁₄x_(3,2), multiplier m_(2,3) ³ is configured to multiply data valuex_(3,3) with weight w₁₅ so as to generate a product w₁₅x_(3,3),multiplier m_(3,1) ³ is configured to multiply data value x_(4,1) withweight w₁₆ so as to generate a product w₁₆x_(4,1), multiplier m_(3,2) ³is configured to multiply data value x_(4,2) with weight w₁₇ so as togenerate a product w₁₇x_(4,2), multiplier m_(3,3) ³ is configured tomultiply data value x_(4,3) with weight w₁₈ so as to generate a productw₁₈x_(4,3), multiplier m_(1,1) ⁴ is configured to multiply data valuex_(2,2) with weight w₁₀ so as to generate a product w₁₀x_(2,2),multiplier m_(1,2) ⁴ is configured to multiply data value x_(2,3) withweight w₁₁ so as to generate a product w₁₁x_(2,3), multiplier m_(1,3) ⁴is configured to multiply data value x_(2,4) with weight w₁₂ so as togenerate a product w₁₂x_(2,4), multiplier m_(2,1) ⁴ is configured tomultiply data value x_(3,2) with weight w₁₃ so as to generate a productw₁₃x_(3,2), multiplier m_(2,2) ⁴ is configured to multiply data valuex_(3,3) with weight w₁₄ so as to generate a product w₁₄x_(3,3),multiplier m_(2,3) ⁴ is configured to multiply data value x_(3,4) withweight w₁₅ so as to generate a product w₁₅x_(3,4), multiplier m_(3,1) ⁴is configured to multiply data value x_(4,2) with weight w₁₆ so as togenerate a product w₁₆x_(4,2), multiplier m_(3,2) ⁴ is configured tomultiply data value x_(4,3) with weight w₁₇ so as to generate a productw₁₇x_(4,3), and multiplier m_(3,3) ⁴ is configured to multiply datavalue x_(4,4) with weight w₁₈ so as to generate a product w₁₈x_(4,4),wherein, prior to a second clock cycle that follows the first clockcycle: the first convolver unit is configured to generate a first sum ofterms including at least the product w₁x_(1,1), the product w₂x_(1,2),the product w₃x_(1,3), the product w₄x_(2,1), the product w₅x_(2,2), theproduct w₆x_(2,3), the product w₇x_(3,1), the product w₈x_(3,2), and theproduct w₉x_(3,3), the second convolver unit is configured to generate asecond sum of terms including at least the product w₁x_(1,2), theproduct w₂x_(1,3), the product w₃x_(1,4), the product w₄x_(2,2), theproduct w₅x_(2,3), the product w₆x_(2,4), the product w₇x_(3,2), theproduct w₈x_(3,3), and the product w₉x_(3,4), the third convolver unitis configured to generate a third sum of terms including at least theproduct w₁₀x_(2,1), the product w₁₁x_(2,2), the product w₁₂x_(2,3), theproduct w₁₃x_(3,1), the product w₁₄x_(3,2), the product w₁₅x_(3,3), theproduct w₁₆x_(4,1), the product w₁₇x_(4,2), and the product w₁₈x_(4,3),and the fourth convolver unit is configured to generate a fourth sum ofterms including at least the product w₁₀x_(2,2), the productw_(1,1)x_(2,3), the product w₁₂x_(2,4), the product w₁₃x_(3,2), theproduct w₁₄x_(3,3), the product w₁₅x_(3,4), the product w₁₆x_(4,2), theproduct w₁₇x_(4,3), and the product w₁₈x_(4,4), and wherein, at abeginning of the second clock cycle that follows the first clock cycle:a first accumulator is configured to store the first sum of terms, asecond accumulator is configured to store the second sum of terms, athird accumulator is configured to store the third sum of terms, and afourth accumulator is configured to store the fourth sum of terms. 6.The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the first sum of terms additionallyincludes b₁, wherein b₁ is a bias value.
 7. The apparatus of claim 5,wherein the second sum of terms additionally includes b₁, wherein b₁ isa bias value.
 8. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the third sum ofterms additionally includes b₂, wherein b₂ is a bias value.
 9. Theapparatus of claim 5, wherein the fourth sum of terms additionallyincludes b₂, wherein b₂ is a bias value.